Tip: Identify what properties are important to the claim you're making, and see whether the two things you're comparing both share those properties. 

Tips to avoid: Avoid relying on opinions of few people compared to a large group.

Make sure everything your saying is not misleading

Tips: There are two easy ways to avoid committing appeal to authority: First, make sure that the authorities you cite are experts on the subject you're discussing. Second, rather than just saying "Dr. Authority believes x, so we should believe it, too," try to explain the reasoning or evidence that the authority used to arrive at his or her opinion. That way, your readers have more to go on than a person's reputation. It also helps to choose authorities who are perceived as fairly neutral or reasonable, rather than people who will be perceived as biased. 

The arguer takes advantage of the reader's desires to make them blend in, making them feel cool and take their side over the other person.

Tip,

Make sure that you aren't recommending that your audience believe your conclusion because everyone else believes it, all the cool people believe it, people will like you better if you believe it, and so.

tip-Identify the most important words and phrases in your argument and decide whether they could have more than one meaning and if they do make sure to stick to the one definition.

Tip to avoid: Separate premises from your conclusion.

Like the appeal to authority and ad populum fallacies, the ad hominem ("against the person") and tu quoque ("you, too!") fallacies focus our attention on people rather than on arguments or evidence. 

Tip

Be sure to stay focused on your opponents' reasoning, rather than on their personal character.

Tip-Make sure that none of your not going back over and repeating the same conclusion.

Tip: Make sure that you aren't simply trying to get your audience to agree with you by making them feel sorry for someone.

Tip: Make sure that the names you list are experts on the topic you are discussing.

Tip to Avoid: Check your arguments for chains of consequences, where you say “if A, then B, and if B, then C,” and so forth, then these chains are reasonable.

Tip to Avoid: Identify what points are the most important to the claim, and see whether the two things you’re comparing share those points.

Tip:Identify what properties are important to the claim you're making, and see whether the two things you're comparing both share those properties. 

When you make assumptions about people and give them a label that is insufficient. Etc. All people who eat fast food are overweight. 

Tip to avoid

Avoid experiences or opinions from other people. Try to avoid jumping to conclusions and gather more information. 

Tip to avoid- See if your conclusion matches the argument you are trying to make based on only the reader’s point of view and perspective. If not, make sure you provide enough evidence and reasons to make sure your argument comes across. 

Tip to Avoid- Identify the important properties of the two things you are comparing, and then see if they share those properties.

Tip to Avoid-Make sure that the websites and people you cite are experts on the topic being discussed. Also, make sure you are explaining the evidence and giving reasons why those people have their opinions.

Tip to Avoid- Make sure that you don’t recommend that your audience should agree with you because everyone else does.

Tip to Avoid- Make sure when you are arguing with your opponent, you don’t point out their personal flaws, but instead you target their reasonings and their opinions and why they are wrong. Unless, you are arguing with someone on personal character.

Tip To Avoid- Don’t convenience the audience to agree with you only by pity, but instead by your evidence, reasons, and argument.

Tip To Avoid- You should ask yourself what type of samples you are using. Ask yourself if you are using situations based on experiences you have had, or just others’ opinions. If you are doing either of these, you might need more evidence to support your argument.

Tip To Avoid- Make sure you clearly observe your opponent’s argument before you point out their lack of evidence.

Tip To Avoid- Write your premises and conclusion so that they correlate with each other and you aren’t just going on a tangent that is away from your argument.

Tip-Think about if there are more options than just the two that you laid out.

The speaker says to the reader that their one point of opposition will have a great butterfly effect and manifest into extremely negative situations.

Tip to Avoid:

If you put several events in a series, analyze each individual cause and effect present and check whether it is reasonable or not.

Instead of comparing two somewhat similar ideas to each other, the speaker creates a claim based on the comparison of two very different things.

Tip to Avoid:

Point out the core properties of the idea that needs to be present in both, and double check that they are, in fact, there.

Tip- Be able to explain how each premise supports the conclusion.

Ad Hominem/Tu Quoque refers to the speaker attacking the opposing person’s character rather than their actual argument.

Tip to Avoid:

If you are not making an argument purely based on character, stray away from the opposing person speaking, and instead to the words they say.

The speaker gains support from more people by attaining “small wins” by dismantling weaker, unrepresentative arguments from the other side.

Tip to Avoid:

Ensure that your opponent’s claims are represented fully and in their strongest shape.

The appeal to pity takes place when the arguer makes them feel bad about choosing the other side and they have pity.

Tip

Make sure that you aren't simply trying to get your audience to agree with you by making them feel sorry for someone.

Tip: Make sure that you aren't recommending that your audience believe your conclusion because everyone else believes it

Tip: Be sure to stay focused on your opponents' reasoning, rather than on their personal character. 

Tip: Make sure you can explain A and explain why A caused B.

Tip: Separate the main points from the actual conclusion by analyzing what similarities all points have.

Tip: Make sure that you aren't recommended that the audience should agree with your conclusion just because everyone else likes it.

Equivocation is sliding between two or more different meanings of a single word or phrase that is important to the argument. 

Tip
Identify the most important words and phrases in your argument and ask yourself whether they could have more than one meaning. 

1. The author goes on a tangent in the middle of an argument and usually never returns to the main point.

2. Make a list of your main points and anything that doesn't fit the main points; delete it from the argument.

When you write an essay with strong points in each paragraph. Although when you write the conclusion you lose the main points that connect to your paragraph.

Tip to avoid

Use the conclusion to wrap up your essay, without adding in new points. Write your conclusion before you start the essay and gather main points to have supported topics.  

1. The author introduces two points, eliminating one of the choices, so we are forced to side with only one point.

2. Think of 3 or more points that support an argument and talk about all of them equally.

Tip: Focus on your opponents reasoning rather than their personal character.

1. The author asks the reader to accept the answer without presenting factual evidence or acknowledging the assumption used to support the argument.

2. Write out your main points and conclusion in an outline form to make sure your argument doesn't beg the question.

1. The author slides between two meanings of the same word, like “right,” which is significant to the argument.

2. Look at your argument and see the key words you use to double-check whether or not they have double meanings.

Tip: Make sure the authorities you use are legit and thoroughly explain your reasoning

Tips: Make sure the authority you are citing is an expert on the subject you’re discussing and try to explain the evidence the authority used to arrive at his or her opinion.

Tips: State their arguments strongly, accurately, and sympathetically as possible so you can knock down the best version of your opponent.

Tip:If you say that A causes B, you should have something more to say about how A caused B than just that A came first and B came later! 

Tip:Check arguments for chains of consequences.

Tip: Remember to review the sample that you are using, consider using more evidence.

Tip: Try to keep your premises and your conclusion separate.

Tip: Have something more to say, give an explanation of the process.

Tip: Make sure that there are not extensive chains of consequences that do not have reasoning.

Tip- Ask yourself what kind of “sample” your using if you are relying on the opinions or experiences of just a few people or your own experiences consider whether you need more evidence or a less sweeping conclusion

The premises of an argument support a particular conclusion but not the conclusion that the arguer draws.

Tip-

Separate your premises from your conclusion.

Sometimes two events that seem related in time are not related as cause and effect. This fallacy comes from the latin phrase “post hoc, ergo propter hoc” which translates as “after this, therefore because of this”

Tip- The arguer would need to give us some explanation of the process.

How to avoid: Read your argument again and see if you made any illogical argument about a pitiful event and rephrase it.

How to Avoid:Focus on providing direct evidence directly from a source. 

How to avoid:Actively listen and understand your opponent’s argument so that you don’t have to distort it to refuse it. 

Tip to Avoid-Look at your argument and make sure you are listing all the possible choices.

Tip to Avoid-Write out your conclusion and premises and conclusion in an outline-like form so you can make sure you have enough evidence.

Tip To Avoid-Identify the most important words in your argument and make sure that if you choose words that don’t have different meanings throughout your essay, instead choose words that have the same meanings so that your argument makes sense.

One event, A, can cause, event B, like a cause and effect, with two. These events may not be related in any way. Etc. You get your eyebrow pierced, then your lung deflates. 

Tip to avoid

Try to connect the topics by being more specific between the two different ideas. Like You got your eyebrow pierced, but it caused an infection spreading to your lungs. 

An arguer will claim, usually with lack of evidence, a domino effect will take place usually ending with awful outcomes. 

Tip to avoid

Be sure the claims to your sentences are reasonable. Also have evidence to have a strong connected claim. Have A, B, and C reasons connected without sounding unreasonable. 

When two items, ideas, or scenarios are being compared with useful evidence to support the claim. Etc. Guns are like hammers because they both can be used to kill, we don't ban hammers so why ban guns. This is weak because guns can kill a mass group of people while a hammer is less likely to. 

Tip to avoid

Make sure the two items you're comparing are relevant with reasonable connections. 

In the appeal to ignorance, the arguer basically says, "Look, there's no conclusive evidence on the issue at hand. Therefore, you should accept my conclusion on this issue." 

Tip

Look closely at arguments where you point out a lack of evidence and then draw a conclusion from that lack of evidence.

Tip: Identify what properties are important to the claim you are making and see whether the two things you are comparing both share the same properties

Tip: Identify what properties are important to the claim you are making and see whether the two things you are comparing both share the same properties

Tip: Make sure the authorities you cite are experts on the subject you’re discussing.

Tip: Make sure you don’t recommend the audience to believe your conclusion because everyone believes it.

Tip: Make sure to focus on your opponents reasoning rather than their personal character.

The arguer sets up the situation so it looks like there are only two choices, but the arguer eliminates one of the two choices, so it seems that we are only left with only one option.

Tip to Avoid:

Examine your own arguments: If you're saying that we have to choose between just two options, is that really so? Or are there other alternatives you haven't mentioned? If there are other alternatives, don't just ignore them-explain why they, too, should be ruled out. Although there's no formal name for it, assuming that there are only three options, four options, etc. when really there are more similar to false dichotomy and should also be avoided. 

An argument that begs the question asks the reader to simply accept the conclusion without providing real evidence.

Tip to Avoid:

One way to try to avoid begging the question is to write out your premises and conclusion in a short, outline-like form. See if you notice any gaps, any steps that are required to move from one premise to the next or from the premises to the conclusion. Write down the statements that would fill those gaps. If the statements are controversial and you've just glossed over them, you might be begging the question. Next, check to see whether any of your premises basically says the same thing as the conclusion (but in other words). If so, you're begging the question. The moral of the story: You can't just assume or use as uncontroversial evidence the very thing you're trying to prove.

Equivocation is sliding between two or more different meanings of a single word or phrase that is important to the argument.

Tip to Avoid:

Identify the most important words and phrases in your argument and ask yourself whether they could have more than one meaning. If they could, be sure you aren't slipping and sliding between those meanings.

Tip: Identify what properties are important to the claim you're making, and see whether the two things you're comparing both share those properties. 

Tip: Make sure that you aren't recommending that your audience believe your conclusion because everyone else believes it, all the cool people believe it, people will like you better if you believe it, and so forth. Keep in mind that the popular opinion is not always the right one! 

Tip: Be sure to stay focused on your opponents' reasoning, rather than on their personal character. (The exception to this is, of course, if you are making an argument about someone's character-if your conclusion is "President Clinton is an untrustworthy person," premises about his untrustworthy acts are relevant, not fallacious.) 

Making stereotypes and assumptions on an entire group solely based on an inadequate sample. 

tip

You should ask yourself what type of samples you are using. Ask yourself if you are using situations based on experiences you have had, or just others’ opinions. If you are doing either of these, you might need more evidence to support your argument. 

The arguer's conclusion doesn't match the particular argument.

tip

See if your conclusion matches the argument you are trying to make based on only the reader’s point of view and perspective. If not, make sure you provide enough evidence and reasons to make sure your argument comes across. 

One particular event causes or leads to another.

tip

If you write that something causes something else, then you should have evidence to prove exactly how. You should have other evidence to support how something caused something else, and not just that one came after the other.

One thing leads to another until you hit rock bottom, no brakes in between.

tip

Make sure your argument has a chain of reactions and consequences, and not just mismatched and organized.

A weak analogy is the comparison of two things that are not alike in relevant respects.

tip

Identify the important properties of the two things you are comparing, and then see if they share those properties. 

Impressing a famous name or an authority, even though they aren't much of an expert.

tip

Make sure that the websites and people you cite are experts on the topic being discussed. Also, make sure you are explaining the evidence and giving reasons why those people have their opinions. 

The arguer tries to convince the audience of something by using what is desired by most people 

tip

Make sure that you don’t recommend that your audience should agree with you because everyone else does. 

Tip to Avoid: Be cautious and attentive as your opponent presents their part of the argument.    

Tips to Avoid: Don’t lay out a guide or premises for a conclusion so easily.

Tips to Avoid: Avoid listening to someone with an interest in only gaining for themselves instead of being caring. 

Tips to Avoid: Avoid begging the question without any clear, formatted conclusion and evidence. 

Tips to Avoid: Write the same synonyms over and over. 

tip. One way to try to avoid begging the question is to write out your premises and conclusion in a short, outline-like form.

Tip: Stop and think if it creates a large enough representation to justify a conclusion

Tip: Practice active listening

Tip: Seek evidence beyond the correlation

Tip: Focus on the immediate

Tip: Make sure that you aren't simply trying to get your audience to agree with you by making them feel sorry for someone.

Tip: Look closely at arguments where you point out a lack of evidence and then draw a conclusion from that lack of evidence.

Tip: Be charitable to your opponents and state their arguments as strongly, accurately, and sympathetically as possible.

Tip: Try laying your premises and conclusion out in an outline-like form.

Tip to Avoid: Try laying your premises and conclusion out in an outline-like form. How many issues do you see being raised in your argument? Can you explain how each premise supports the conclusion?

Tip to Avoid: Be charitable to your opponents. State their arguments as strongly, accurately, and sympathetically as possible. If you can knock down even the best version of an opponent's argument, then you've really accomplished something.

Tip to Avoid: Look closely at arguments where you point out a lack of evidence and then draw a conclusion from that lack of evidence.

tip. Examine your own arguments.

Sentence: Separate the premises you lay out from the conclusion and look back on whether a viewer could connect one to the other.

Speakers digress into subtopics/tangents that pull listeners away from the main points at hand.

Tip to Avoid: Organize your evidence and topics in sequential order and note whether or not each of them eventually draws to the conclusion.

Tip - Use strong evidence and claims to help the reader understand your stance rather than guilt-tripping them.

How to avoid:Read your argument again and see if you made any illogical argument about a pitiful event and rephrase it.

Sentence: Make sure you are not relying on opinions and are using facts to judge.

When the author overall says, “Look, there's no conclusive evidence on the issues at hand. Therefore, you should accept my conclusion on this issue.”

Look closely at arguments that have a lack of evidence and then draw a conclusion from that lack.

tip:One way is to have well known citations and two give a good exclamation after your citation.

Making assumptions about a whole group based on a sample 

Ask yourself what kind of sample you are using to make assumptions 

It comes in several forms and can be harder to detect than many of the other fallacies. An argument that begs the question asks the reader to simply accept the conclusion without providing real evidence; the argument either relies on a premise that says the same thing as the conclusion. 

Tip to Avoid:

Check if your premise and conclusion say the same idea, and try to find any possible counterarguments to your claim.

The arguer claims a chain reaction will take place without enough evidence 

Check your argument “if A, then B, and if B, then C,” and so on

When two analogies are being compared and are not alike in an argument, it leads to a weak argument 

Identify what the properties are that support the claim.

The speaker incorrectly states that one event causes another simply due to chronological order.

Tip to Avoid:

Provide evidence as to how the first event causes the other regardless of chronological order.

The speaker convinces people to side with them by supposing that everybody follows their side, and so they should as well.

Tip To Avoid:

Remove mention of a large group of people agreeing with your side, making sure to acknowledge that unpopular opinions have validity.

Speakers deny the validity of their opposition’s claim simply because they didn’t have sufficient/enough evidence.

Tip to Avoid:

Draw conclusions from the other side’s lack of evidence rather than just pointing it out.