https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/zz3r2kv7gggv en-us 2017-10-05 17:30:55 UTC 2017-10-06 09:26:16 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/zz3r2kv7gggv/wish/194593548 Gram negative bacterial infection affecting the urinary tract (lower urinary tract = cystitis, upper urinary tract and kidneys = pyelonephritis, urethral = urethritis). 80 - 85% are caused by Escherichia coli. bacterium (Abraham & Miao, 2015). Risk factors include female anatomy, sexual intercourse, diabetes, obesity and family history. ]]> 2017-10-06 08:45:46 UTC https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/zz3r2kv7gggv/wish/194593548 https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/zz3r2kv7gggv/wish/194595171 Around 150 million people develop a UTI each year, being more common in women than men (Flores-Mireles et al, 2015). They occur most frequently between the ages of 16-35 years and recurrences are common (Salvatore et al, 2011). Women are more prone due to their short urethra, allowing spread of bacteria and are more at risk if sexually activ]]> 2017-10-06 08:52:09 UTC https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/zz3r2kv7gggv/wish/194595171 https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/zz3r2kv7gggv/wish/194597071 Frequent/ urgent urination 
Pain/burning sensation (dysuria) 
Cloudy urine
Odourous urine
Abdominal tenderness
Suprapubic pain
Fatigue/tiredness
Haematuria
Fever

]]> 2017-10-06 08:58:40 UTC https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/zz3r2kv7gggv/wish/194597071 b6007636 https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/zz3r2kv7gggv/wish/194597355 NICE (2008) stipulate that during antenatal care routine clean catch midstream dipsticks should be offered and cultures tested. The dipstick test should be used to identify blood, glucose, protein, leucocytes and nitrites; if leucocytes and nitrites are found and the woman is symptomatic, a mid stream culutre should be test for testing (NICE, 2015). Sheerin (2011) supports this and suggests that urine cultures should be used for uncomplicated urinary tract infections however, should symptoms persist after treatment or severity increase other diagnostic tools may be required including: renal track imaging, functional testing and cystocopy.

However, some evidence suggests that urine cultures are not sound proof of urinary tract infections and should not be done in isolation due to: false positives as a result of contaminated specimens or false negatives associated with slow growing bacteria (Parris, 1984). Along side this, they're a cost to the NHS and therefore a full detailed history should accompanying any testing mainly due to the common symptoms also being reported when suffering Candida and non-specific vaginitis (Komaroff, 1978).]]> 2017-10-06 08:59:51 UTC https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/zz3r2kv7gggv/wish/194597355 https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/zz3r2kv7gggv/wish/194597826 Flores-Mireles, Walker, Caparon & Hultgren (2015). UTIs: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nature reviews microbiology. 

Salvatore, Salvatore, Cattoni, Siesto, Serati, Sorice and Torella (2011). UTIs in women. European journal of obstetrics, gynaecology and reproductive biology. 

Abraham & Miao (2015). The nature of immune responses to UTIs. Nature reviews immunology. 

Loh and Sivalingam, 2007.
Johnson, 2016.

Komaroff AL, Pass, TM, McCue JD JD et al: Management Strategies for Urinary and Vaginal Infections. Arch Intern Med 1978:138:1069:1073

Parris P, M (1984). Diagnosing Urinary Tract Infections. Correspondence. Affiliated Residency in Emergency Medicine. University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh.

Sheerin, N, S (2011) Urinary Tract Infection: Medicine. Volume 39, Issue 7. July 2011. Pages 384-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2011.04.003

NICE (2015) Urinary Incontinence in Women 2013 updated 2015 guideline GC171. https://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/urinary-incontinence-in-women#path=view%3A

NICE (2007) Antenatal Care for Uncomplicated Pregnancies. Guideline GC62

]]> 2017-10-06 09:01:53 UTC https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/zz3r2kv7gggv/wish/194597826 https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/zz3r2kv7gggv/wish/194599238 Pyelonephritis - Kidney Infection
Hypertension
Pre-eclampsia
Anaemia
Sepsis
Increased risk of caesarean delivery.
(Loh and Sivalingam, 2007)
(Johnson, 2016)]]> 2017-10-06 09:07:39 UTC https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/zz3r2kv7gggv/wish/194599238 https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/zz3r2kv7gggv/wish/194599513 Preterm Delivery - if UTI untreated, may cause kidney infection, leading to preterm labour.
Low birth weight
Increased perinatal mortality
(Log and Sivalingam, 2007)
(Johnson, 2016)]]> 2017-10-06 09:08:53 UTC https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/zz3r2kv7gggv/wish/194599513 b6007636 https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/zz3r2kv7gggv/wish/194599633 Sheerin (2011) suggests that urinsry tract infections should preliminary be treated with empirical (broad spectrum) antibiotics whilst waiting for the urine culture results to give senstivy specific treatment. 

NICE (2008) also suggests that antibiotics should be given based on the bacteria sensitivity however if after a preliminary 3 day treatment the infection persists further cultures and testing should be completed. 

The general management is ensuring the woman is comfortable and her symptoms are managed along with routine testing for infection progressions and ensuring symptoms do not worsen. ]]> 2017-10-06 09:09:13 UTC https://padlet.com/r_henderson2/zz3r2kv7gggv/wish/194599633