• By mid 18th century, the Dutch had taken over a lot of Indonesia.

• This was done through treaties with local rulers rather than actual control.

• This helped the Dutch take over Indonesia in patches.

• For the rest of the land, they waged wars with local leaders and forced them to become part of the Dutch colony.

• Between 1870 to 1910, the whole of Indonesia had been indirectly taken over by the Dutch.

• https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Dutch-territorial-expansion

  
  

• An example of this is how they annexed Hawaii in 1896.

• American imperialism still exists however the invasion of countries with military aggression is extremely rare for the USA.

• In modern times, USA is not known for military invasion.

• USA is still a great force in the world with massive influence.

  https://www.npr.org/2019/02/18/694700303/the-history-of-american-imperialism-from-bloody-conquest-to-bird-poop

• A country that was a direct colonization is India. We know this since the government was an imperialist which reproduced in the colony inside the countries

• India was imperialized by Britain which took over the country.

• There is more than just Britain that imperialized India, this includes, Portuguese, English, and Dutch

• Britain specifically did this because Britain wanted the resources India had which included trade, land, colonies, and goods

• British colonizers established a system known to contemporaries as the "drain of wealth."

• Britain invading India shows the direct colonization over India since it too over India and made it a colony

• It was colonized for about 89 years which stands from 1859 - 1947

Resources

1. https://unacademy.com/content/bank-exam/study-material/general-awareness/why-british-first-land-on-indian-territory/#:~:text=The%20East%20India%20Company%20eventually,spread%20Christianity%20throughout%20the%20country.

2. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_India#:~:text=Following%20the%20Portuguese%2C%20English%2C%20and,in%20southeastern%20India%20in%201674.

• Britain held much of Indias political and economic power.

• Britain restricted very much of the production of textiles and Indian industries.

• Britain also brought in missionaries to spread the ideologies of Christianity and other religions

• They held their direct rule for almost 100 years spanning from 1858 - 1947.

Sources

• https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

• Taiwan became a Japanese colony in 1895.

• The Dutch and British also competed for its trade and agricultural features.

• Japan was a direct imperialist to Taiwan.

• Japan increased Taiwan’s sugar production.

• The Japanese implemented the Formosan Sugar Company which was the first overseas corporation that was financed by a national capital.

References:

• https://samurairevolution.omeka.net/exhibits/show/dl/taiwanimperialism

• https://www.pacificatrocities.org/brief-overview-of-imperial-japan.html#:~:text=The%20primary%20objectives%20of%20Imperial,unified%20Asia%20under%20Japanese%20leadership.

• There was an economic interest in South Africa by the Europeans way before imperialism

• Began in the 15th century and lasted it the 17th century

• Portugal was an European nation sailed their ships along the western part of Africa and gained access to African economic resources

• South africa proved to be an ideal spot

• Africa was first colonized by the Dutch, the first settlement was called the Dutch East Indian company

• All the European countries were interested, once diamonds were found Britain was also interested and kicked the Dutch and Belgians.

• The goal was assimilation

• Direct imperialism

Citations

https://www.historycrunch.com/european-imperialism-in-south-africa.html#/

• In 1882, Britain invaded Egypt because they wanted to control the country.

• Egypt went through the form of colonial imperialism because it was an area that was controlled by another force/nation

• When the British occupied Egypt, the did not annex it and the Egyptian government continued to operate that way it did

• Egypt was affected by direct colonial imperialism

• New imperialism had impacts on the culture of Egypt

• Egypt expanded their empire through military dominance abroad ; expanded far into Nubia

• https://historystuffweb.wordpress.com/imperialism-in-egypt/#:~:text=Imperialism%20had%20a%20massive%20and,as%20a%20result%20of%20imperialism.

-India was a colony ruled by European powers.

-In the end of the 15th century, India became directly ruled by Europe. This was achieved by a Portuguese sailer named Vancouver Da Gama.

-More powers from along the coast of Europe kept pooling into India such as England, France, Denmark, and Norway.

-After the Mughal Empire fell apart, the Maratha empire also fell apart which weakened and increased manipulation in India.

- After this, Great Britain and France began to struggle with giving full direct rule in India so some parts also became indirect rule.

-In 1947, India finally gained its independence because of being apart of the League of Nations in the Summer Olympics.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_India

• A protectorate is when a foreign nation promises to “protect” another region in exchange for some equity in the region or control over the region. The “protected” region still runs by its own government and most of its laws.

• An example of a protectorate would be the Niger River Delta. In 1884-1885, Great Britain declared a protectorate over the Niger Delta during the Berlin Conference.

• The Niger River spanned across a big region over the African continent. This river also provided irrigation, transportation, and production power. The river was one of the only sources of freshwater in Africa.

• The river enhanced oil fields and gave access for trade across Africa.

• A protectorate is a method of indirect imperialism. This is because the controlled group of people think that they are still being governed by their own government.

• However, even though the controlled region still runs by its local government, the protecting nation can still make changes to the local government.

• Britain provided protection from other European countries in exchange for access to the river and control over the area.

• Britain had land near the river years before it made the delta a protectorate. Britain annexed Lagos in 1851.

• Gaining access to this area most likely helped them explore more of Nigeria and probably lead them to gaining interest in the Niger River Delta region.

Source of Information:

https://www.britannica.com/place/Oil-Rivers

I used the “Oil Rivers” and “Nigeria” sections.

-Japan was the only country in Asia to have a successful industrial economy as well as an empire.

-The creation of the Japanese empire was a significant event that took place in the twentieth century.

-Japan’s imperialism was not about increasing their nations territory, instead it was about mission and racial superiority.

-Japan shifted from a pre-modern feudal stage to a modern capitalistic form of imperialism.

-Ryukyus were incorporated into Japan in the year 1879.

-Japan was an easy prey for the imperialism powers like Britain and America.

-Japan opened her ports for foreign trade and residence as Japan signed a treaty with the US.

-Western nations soon began to follow in the semi-colonial approach of Japan of the ports and trade.

-This helped with Japans development of the imperialism as Japan set a model and demonstrated its ambitions.

LINK:

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2352281#:~:text=considered%20the%20turning%2Dpoint%20for,modern%20capitalistic%20form%20of%20imperialism.&text=The%20Japanese%20population%20was%20intoxicated,pursued%20the%20war%20much%20longer.

https://academic.oup.com/book/4785

https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

• Egypt was legitimately imperialized in 1882

• Egypt had a failing economic system, strategic, economic lands, and military positioning

  • This led to European countries wanting to imperialize this

• Achieved through the deployment of warships sent to Alexandria

• Positively impacted through betterment of economy, but negatively impacted through westernization and loss of culture

• Egypt was a protectorate for the British Empire (Egypt had its own government but was influenced and controlled by Britain)

• Britain used a direct imperial management methods

• Suez Canal

  • Important waterway in Egypt - connected the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea; significant site during the Age of Imperialism

  • European nations fought over control of it

  • Interest began in Egypt after the construction of the canal

  • British imperialism in India led to interest in Egypt as the canal gave Britain a faster and direct route to its colonies

  • Referred to as the ‘lifeline of the British Empire’

• British rule lasted throughout the 19th century and 20th century

• More control was taken over Egypt with the outbreak of World War I

• Britain had control over Egypt until June 1956

https://www.historycrunch.com/egypt-and-the-suez-canal-in-the-age-of-imperialism.html#/

Cites - https://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/imperial_japan_1894-1945_1#sthash.rwVN5LFu.dpbs

• In July, 1857, France’s Napoleon III decided to invade Vietnam.  Missionaries were pushing for the invasion to spread Christianity.  Reforms on French capitalism also lead to foreign markets being necessary for France’s economy.

• The naval commander for East Asia, Rigault de Genouilly, invaded Tourane (a harbor and city in Vietnam) in August 1858

• There was Vietnamese resistance, until in 1861 France was finally able to set up 3 provinces, and later more area was claimed.  This land was called Cochinchina

• Vietnam was a French colony.  There was a French governor and French military enforced rules. There was an administrative body set up in Saigon, a city in Vietnam.

• France had a grasp on Southern Vietnam, but struggled to gain control of central and northern Vietnam, as their invasions were met with strong opposition.

• In August 1883, after more fighting, the Vietnamese court agreed that central and northern Vietnam would be a protectorate of France.

• France governed Vietnam in a western style so that they could economically exploit them

• The France held all power in local and central governments of Vietnam, eliminating pre-existing Vietnamese rulers.  All important roles were given to French officials, and, after much protest, Vietnamese people were given minor roles that contributed very little to government.

• French Governor Doumer industrialized Vietnam by building roads, canals, etc.  Raw materials were taken from Vietnam and tariffs were imposed to support French government.

• For more information: https://www.britannica.com/place/Vietnam/The-conquest-of-Vietnam-by-France

-Other parts of land were seized after wars and military leaders made them join together as a whole

-The Dutch started taking over Indonesia in the 1850’s or mid 1800’s

-They accomplished this with control from within state and law treaties

-This was the power they used as a turning point to control the Indonasia

-During Colonial rule, Dutch was committing cruelty and Indonesian wer being captured, tortured, and raped.

-Dutch Government expanded off in Gava and then Dutch started to colonize the outer islands

https://www.indonesia-investments.com/culture/politics/colonial-history/item178#:~:text=Some%20parts%20indeed%20were%20colonized,and%20early%2020th%20century%2C%20and

• India was imperialized by Britain from 1858 to 1947. It started out when they came to India to set up the British East India Company.

• Britain had direct control over India.

• The Indian government was converted into British government.

• Trade with India had been highly valued by Europeans, Britain’s control blocked the Silk Road.

• They extracted all kinds of resources from India and made it theirs such as salt and cotton.

• They stole valuable items from temples and buildings like the Taj Mahal.

• They stole the famous diamond Koh-i-Noor which is still in Britain today as they said they claimed it legally and have the right to own it.

• https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

—The main motive for imperialism was to obtain power for supply of raw materials for industries. This meant that a weaker country with abundant natural resources would be colonized.

—Like other European powers, Britain rushed to control African land not just for palm oil but also gold, ivory, diamonds, cotton, and rubber.

—Another reason that Africa was majorly imperialized was that Africa didnt have fire power unlike other regions

— Africa was put under direct imperialism

—Overall goal was to get a return on investment.

Works cited:

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Western-colonialism/The-race-for-colonies-in-sub-Saharan-Africa

https://www.historycrunch.com/european-imperialism-in-south-africa.html#/

• Britain imperialized and colonized many places such as America, India, and parts of Africa

• They were able to produce rapidly by getting labor for cheap in other countries

• Britain had many strong weapons like military and and naval ships

• It was known to take over many places and turn them into colonies to mass produce many products

• Britain was able to take over countries and territories, then make them believe inn their religion, and their cultures

https://www.britannica.com/place/British-Empire

• Japan took control of Taiwan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War

• Taiwan was used for their raw materials and to expand Japan’s economy further.

• Japan took control of  Korea in 1910 through forced treaties, threats, and political manipulation.

• The Japanese were direct imperialists.

https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/The-emergence-of-imperial-Japan

https://www.history.com/news/japan-colonization-korea

• Britain applied the method of colonization for India

• Britain sustained their rule over India from 1858 - 1947

• Britain possessed much of the political and economic power in India

• British Raj was a period of time when Britain had direct control over India and used the East India Company for economical benefits

• Britain had authority over the production of textiles and other industries apart of India

• Missionaries from Britain would open India to other religious ideologies such as Christianity

• Britain maintained their power by sending soldiers to India to enforce the laws for those who tried to rebel

• Britain added infrastructure to India, with the addition of roads and railroads across the country for transportation

• https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

https://www.britannica.com/place/Vietnam/The-conquest-of-Vietnam-by-France

• Japan built a colonial empire with large non-Japanese populations. It annexed Taiwan, Korea, established a client state in Manchuria, and occupied parts of northern China

• Korea was under Japanese Colonial Rule from 1910-1945

• For the first ten years Japan ruled directly through the military, and any Korean dissent was ruthlessly crushed

• It first made Korea a protectorate with the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905

• Japan ruled the country indirectly through the Japanese Resident-General of Korea

• Despite the often oppressive and heavy-handed rule of the Japanese authorities, many modern aspects of Korean society emerged and grew a lot during its 35 year period of colonial rule

• Such growth included rapid urban growth, the expansion of commerce, and forms of mass culture such as radio and cinema, which became widespread for the first time

• Industrial development also took place, partly encouraged by the Japanese colonial state, although at first, mainly for the purposes of enriching Japan and fighting the wars in China and the Pacific

• Such uneven and disorganized development left a mixed legacy for the peninsula after the Japanese colonial period ended

Links:

• http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/kpct/ct_korea.htm#:~:text=Korea%20was%20under%20Japanese%20colonial,Korean%20dissent%20was%20ruthlessly%20crushed.

• https://researchprofiles.anu.edu.au/en/publications/japans-colonial-empire#:~:text=Abstract,northern%20China%20(from%201933).

• Britain colonized and directly ruled/imperialized India

• Europeans had an economic interest in India for a long time because of its transportation/trade along ancient trade routes like the Silk Road

• The Mughal Empire, which had most of the land in India began trading with the British East India Company before it's collapse due to conflicts with other surrounding empires

• With the weakening of the Mughal Empire, European nations recognized an opportunity and started campaigns of imperialism in India

• This Shifted the power and control over India from the Mughal Empire to the British Empire

• The British East India Company had a major role in the history of India/British Imperialism in India

• This is because this company had a monopoly and strong economic interest on all trade in the Far East, especially India

• The British Raj (British rule over India as a colony of the British Empire) started in 1858 and ended in 1947

  Sources

• https://www.historycrunch.com/british-imperialism-in-india-overview.html#/