Rwandan Genocide Padlet ~ Entree by Julianna Cornwell https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck en-us 2019-01-17 20:30:13 UTC 2025-10-15 00:43:08 UTC hello@padlet.com Background Information julianna_cornwell https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/321912321 During the Rwandan Genocide, more than 800,000 people were killed, including both Tutsi citizens and Hutu who stood with the Tutsi. This conflict began when the European colonists, primarily from Germany and Belgium, came and separated the two groups into classes, with the Tutsi as the privileged group. This separation, which previously had been mostly non existent as they both spoke the same language and looked difficult to distinguish due to intermarriage, began to create tension and internal conflicts. In 1990 they began to fight, but fire ceased when the UN negotiated a multi-party constitution, however, tensions between the groups were still present. On April 6, 1994, the plane carrying Rwanda's president was shot down, which triggered the beginning of the massacres of the Tutsi people by the Hutu. By radio and word of mouth, the Hutu were told that it was their duty to destroy the Tutsi's. Hutu's who were sympathetic were also killed. So began the Rwandan Genocide, a systematic killing against the Tutsi minority, mostly by Hutu citizens. This genocide ended in mid July of 1994, but in these approximately only 100 days, Hutu killed about 800,000 to 1 million Rwandans. ]]> 2019-01-17 20:41:44 UTC https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/321912321 Roles julianna_cornwell https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/321916587 The Hutu were the perpetrators of the genocide. The Tutsi people and Hutu sympathizers were the Victims in the genocide. ]]> 2019-01-17 20:53:16 UTC https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/321916587 U.S. Response julianna_cornwell https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/322760553 In the Rwandan genocide, the U.S. as well as other foreign governments failed. They did nothing to stop the genocide despite their extensive knowledge of the issue. "'During World War II, much of the full horror of the Holocaust was known after the fact. But in Rwanda, we knew before, during and after,” says Ted Dagne, a researcher at the Congressional Research Service in Washington, who has traveled to Rwanda on fact-finding missions. “We knew, but we didn’t want to respond.'" They knew, but in fear of their credibility being diminished, they stayed out of what they classified as a 'local conflict.' President Clinton made sure to never refer to the events as a genocide. By the time anyone made much action to stop the genocide, it was over, and the death toll complete. ]]> 2019-01-21 19:03:59 UTC https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/322760553 1994 Events julianna_cornwell https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/322760788 Federal Express Flight 705 ~ On April 7, 1994, the Federal Express Flight 705 landed. During the flight, a man, armed with a hammer and a spear gun, attacked the crew of the plane. After the crew on the flight wrestled the tools away from him, the captain managed a safe landing. Three people were critically injured and a fourth was also injured, although less seriously. The man, Auburn Calloway was allowed to ride as a jumpseater, an employee who is allowed to ride, for free. The plane left Memphis at 3:16 P.M. on a flight to San Jose, Calif. The attack occurred about 40 miles from Memphis, and the plane returned to the Memphis airport after the attacker was subdued, the F.B.I. said the safe landing was a miracle.



Death and Funeral of Richard Nixon ~ Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th President of the United States, who was the only President in more than two centuries of American history to resign from office, died on April 22, 1994, at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center at the age of 81. He lapsed into a coma in the hospital after having a stroke a few days previous. Mr. Nixon was driven from office by the Watergate scandal, resigning in the face of certain impeachment on Aug. 9, 1974. He often acknowledged that the event would inevitably stain his pages in history, and despite strenuous and partly successful efforts over two decades to rehabilitate his reputation, he was right. It was a spot that would not out. He never completely dispelled the sense of shame that clung to his last days in the White House. His funeral occurred on April 27, 1994. The Rev. Billy Graham, a longtime friend of Mr. Nixon's, officiated at the services. The body remained at the library overnight for public viewing. The burial was private.
]]> 2019-01-21 19:05:04 UTC https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/322760788 Rwandan List of Tutsi Targets julianna_cornwell https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/322761648 In the Rwandan Genocide, the Hutu extremists would disperse lists of Tutsi targets to kill or arrest. Their known locations would be broadcasted over radios. ]]> 2019-01-21 19:08:48 UTC https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/322761648 Tutsi Sanctuary julianna_cornwell https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/322762571 In the Rwandan genocide, this church was one place victims took refuge. Today, it is the site of one of the many memorials of for the Rwandan genocide. ]]> 2019-01-21 19:12:40 UTC https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/322762571 Rwandan Hate Radio julianna_cornwell https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/322763679 In the Rwandan genocide, the radio was utilized to spread hate speech and ethnic hatred as well as spread known locations of Tutsi targets. Over radio, they would justify the genocide with discussions of the Hutu suffering under the Tutsi leadership years earlier. The radio was used to anger the Hutu citizens and to dehumanize the Tutsi in the eyes of the Hutu in order to justify the killings.  ]]> 2019-01-21 19:17:38 UTC https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/322763679 julianna_cornwell https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/322767555 According to an article called 'The Rwandan Genocide' on endgenocide.org, Gale Cengage Learning's book called Genocide and Persecution: Rwanda by Noah Berlatsky, History.com's article called 'Rwandan Genocide', and Newsela's article called 'Why the U.S. didn't intervene in the Rwandan Genocide' by Scott Baldauf, the lack of response from most countries allowed the Rwandan genocide to go on longer than it should have, and to become more and more violent as no response was given. In the Newsela article by Scott Baldauf it states "The United States had just pulled American troops out of a disastrous peacekeeping mission in Somalia – later made famous in the book “Black Hawk Down”  – the year before. It had vowed never to return to a conflict it couldn’t understand, between clans and tribes it didn’t know, in a country where the U.S. had no national interests...From embassies and hotels in Kigali, diplomats and humanitarian workers gave daily tolls of the dead, mainly Tutsi's but also moderate Hutu's who had called for tribal peace. The information came in real time, and many experts say that the U.S. and the Western world in general failed to respond. “During World War II, much of the full horror of the Holocaust was known after the fact. But in Rwanda, we knew before, during and after,” says Ted Dagne, a researcher at the Congressional Research Service in Washington, who has traveled to Rwanda on fact-finding missions. “We knew, but we didn’t want to respond.” The reason the United States decided not to get involved was the conflict right beforehand in which they misread the situation in a foreign country. This effected the genocide because despite the fact that the US "knew before, during and after," they didn't do anything about the full blown genocide that occurred in Rwanda. Even though they were given updates in real time, they decided not to respond with help that could have quickly ended the genocide, resulting in much less death. In Gale Cengage Learning's book, it explains "For the first several days, the murderous attacks took place primarily in Kigali and were focused on prominent individuals...The international community, at this initial stage of the genocide, construed the violence in Rwanda as an ethnic uprising, a spontaneous popular reaction to the death of the president. Without clearly condemning the political and ethnic violence that was taking place, foreign governments moved to evacuate their nationals from Rwanda." Instead of taking action against the perpetrators in the Rwandan Genocide, other countries "construed the violence in Rwanda as an ethnic uprising, a spontaneous popular reaction to the death of the president." They didn't condemn the violence and they tucked their knowledge of the event away. They quieted the issue calling it merely a local conflict. Other countries purposefully denied its existence and therefore worked with the perpetrators in the event. If instead they hadn't buried the information, more could have been done about the issue, and deaths limited. Another source, endgenocide.org, in their article "The Rwandan Genocide," explains "Despite these reports, President Clinton specifically avoided calling the massacre genocide to avoid U.S. involvement. The Clinton administration held on to the idea that there were no U.S. interests in Rwanda, so it was not their place to intervene. They also believed that U.S. credibility would be diminished if they deemed Rwanda acts of genocide and then did not step it to intervene... International leaders also refused to use their authority to challenge the legitimacy of the genocidal government. When disapproval was finally voiced, the perpetrators in Rwanda did not stop the killing. The whole world saw what was happening, yet refused to step in." The United States saw what was happening and decided not to get involved in fear of their credibility being diminished. Leaders of other countries acted similarly, ignoring the conflict in order to keep their own safety intact and despite so many knowing about the conflict who could stop it, nothing was done. By the time they sent troops in, the conflict was over. If these powerful countries had decided to step in and at least attempt to keep the innocent citizens safe or launch a campaign to help the Tutsi and stop the hate speech over the radios, so much of the genocide could have been prevented. Instead, over 800,000 people were killed. In conclusion, the non-intervention from the U.S. and other foreign countries lengthened the genocide and allowed it to become more violent as no repercussions were given for the actions taken. ]]> 2019-01-21 19:35:46 UTC https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/322767555 julianna_cornwell https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/322767667 According to History.com's article called 'Rwandan Genocide', and endgenocide.org's article called 'The Rwandan Genocide' the cause behind the Rwandan genocide was that the Hutu people had been harboring anger at Tutsi leadership. They gained power, but later the president was assassinated and the Hutu extremists used that event to convince people that the Tutsi were to be killed. In History.com's article it says "Whoever was responsible for the crash, the assassination of Habyarimana served as the spark that set the plans for genocide in motion. Within hours of the crash, members of the presidential guard and other elite troops-carrying hit lists composed of the names of person perceived to be RPF sympathizers, including prominent Tutsi and Hutu opposition politicians and civil society activists..." In the Rwandan Genocide, the main spark seems to be Hutu extremists. They are believed to be the ones who started the genocide, by killing the president of that time. They convinced other Hutu to blame the Tutsi for this event, and they set up the systems of attack. With the dispersal of hit lists and recruiting full time people to be stationed at road intersections to easily kill the Tutsi. Endgenocide.org's article elucidates "The political vacuum enabled Hutu extremists to take control of the country. Detailed lists of Tutsi targets were prepared in advance and government radio stations called upon Rwandans to murder their neighbors. These specific lists included names, addresses and sometimes license plates. Through radio hate speech, people were encouraged to take the streets and exterminate those who matched the list."  Hutu extremists were able to take over and use various tactics to spread information. They used the radio to encourage already vulnerable Hutu to attack the Tutsi victims. They had names, addresses and lists of who to exterminate. These Hutu extremists were the ones who prepared and organized the genocide. The radio stations used hate speech to call upon people to murder the people around them who matched Tutsi description. Later in endgenocide.org's article, it continues "The radio was utilized to not only list the location of specific Tutsi's to be targeted, but to also justify the genocide. Radio hosts discussed discrimination the Hutu's suffered under the power of the Tutsi's. Strong connotations describing Hutu's as slaves during colonization painted the Rwandan genocide as a type of slave rebellion. Radio stories were used to anger the Hutu's and channel that anger into action. Radio was also used to dehumanize Tutsi's by calling them “cockroaches,” making acts of violence against them seem less inhumane. The extremist Hutu's strategy turned into an extermination campaign as they began to encounter resistance from the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a Tutsi rebel group. The RPF fought back as the violence grew more severe, creating a toxic mix of both civil war and genocide. In response, the Hutu's changed their strategy, believing if the opposition was completely exterminated, their majority power and status would be reassured and preserved. Thus, they set out to get rid of the Tutsi's completely." The Hutu used the radio as a secret network to disperse information on specific Tutsi's and to justify the actions of those involved in the killings. The anger caused by the previous leadership of the Tutsi lead to the genocide instead being framed as an uprising. The victims were dehumanized and seen as less than humans. When the Tutsi fought back against the targeted campaign, the Hutu turned it into an extermination of the entire Tutsi group. This anger is what caused much of the genocide. Sparked by Hutu extremists and the death of the Rwandan president, the genocide came into effect. The genocide was caused by certain groups spreading propaganda and the use of hate speech to anger the Hutu citizens into murdering the people around them. To conclude, the Hutu were coerced into performing genocide in a widespread manner by hate speech as well as discrimination and dehumanization against the Tutsi that caused anger to resurface regarding the previous Tutsi leadership. ]]> 2019-01-21 19:36:23 UTC https://padlet.com/julianna_cornwell/zu6k06ug1tck/wish/322767667