Colors and painting techniques
Black: made from cardboard and from the flust obtained by burning wood
Brown: obtained from minerals rich in magnese
Red: made with red ocher
Yellow: made with yellow ocher
White: obtained from the clayey ground ground
With hands: they spread the color on the wall with their fingers after mixing it
With the brushes: they distributed the color on the rock and spread it with the brush made tufts of animal fur or twigs with the frayed tip
With the mouth: they mixed color in the mouth and then sprayed it directly on the stone.

In the Paleolithic, human figures are rare: the only exception is the figures of Venus or Great Mother. These are not real representations but only Amulets. These processes are made of stone, bone, and ivory and are 10-25 cm wide. Female attributes are enhanced such as the breast to breastfeed the baby and the belly to make the baby comfortable in the womb. After a while the nomadic men become stationary and dedicate themselves to agriculture and breeding thanks to the mild climate. The first villages of huts and stilts were born, they learned how to smoothen stones better and how to manufacture fabrics and ceramic objects.

-Paleolithic 

-Mesolithic

-Neolithic

Into Paleolithic, the age of Stone when the humans built objects. 

And they took refuge  in the caves where they painted: animals figures  for propitiatory hunting Rites and they used these colors  black, brown, red and yellow.

Later we Have the  Mesolithic which is called  the age of the new stone. 

In that period painted  stories of everyday life. The last period is the Neolithic  this period was the age of the metal such  as the Bronze, iron, etc .

The Venus is a statue  this statue woman with a large breast symbol  of fertility and another particularity of this statue  is the Face is not well depicted Because at the time the women   were not considered important in that society.

THE VENUS OF WILLENDORF 

The venus of willendorf is a 11 cm high statuette, carved in limestone and painted in red ocher, and dating back to 23,000- 19,000 BC. The work, depicting a steatopigous female physique, is one of the most famous Paleolithic statuettes, called Paleolithic venus, the face was not depicted because it was not important, but was depicted with a large breast and large belly that represented the pregnant woman, and it was also given to the newlyweds as a wish.

ALESSIA ARMENIO

THE EGYPTIAN HISTORY
The egyptian history it’s very particular because he kept its prints for about 3 milleniums. It includes paintings, sculptures, drawings on papyrus, The artworks of ancient Egypt have fascinated people for thousands of years. The early Greek and later Roman artists were influenced by Egyptian techniques and their art would inspire those of other cultures up to the present day.  All Egyptian art served a practical purpose: a statue held the spirit of the god or the deceased; a tomb painting showed scenes from one's life on earth so one's spirit could remember it.

In Egypt the all-round sculpture was of great importance because the statues were believed to be double the person depicted.

A dual front and side function was conceived for the body.  The idea was that the image should always correspond to its model.  As an example of sculpture we can remember the portrait of Nefertiti where the Queen wears a large Egyptian collar and is represented harmonious and expressive.

Finally, there is another maximum representation which is the tomb of Tutankhammon, a pharaoh belonging to the dynasty.  There is also a funeral mask that he wore precisely at the funeral.

PAINTING
The greater rappresentation.

come from temples and tombs, consist of cycles of mural paintings along the walls accompanied by hieroglyphics.  The fresco became established starting from the Middle Kingdom by replacing the painting.

The painter tried to render details with drawing, but he avoided perspective.

The peculiarity was that the head and limbs were always in profile.

An example of painting is the depiction of Nebamun hunting in the swamp.

In this painting he is represented as he hunts for swamp birds in the company of his wife and daughter

The Ara Pacis consists of an almost square marine enclosure, raised on a low podium , on the smaller sides of which two doors open, the front one is accessed by a ramp of nine steps; inside,above a staircase, the actual altar stands, external and internal. In the scenes, the depth of the space is obtained through different thicknesses of the figures. Four Corinthian corner pillars, plus four more on the slide of the doors, are decorated on the outside They support the architrave (entirely rebuilt, without ancient parts) which,a according to the monetary representations, had to be’ crowned with lateral akroteri. 

THE ARA PACIS is a key monument in Augustan public art, with motifs of different origin: classical Greek art (in the friezes of the processions), Hellenistic art( in the friezes and in the panels),art more strictly “Roman" (in the frieze of the altar). The political-propagandistic aspect is remarkable, as in many works of the time with the evident links between Augustus and pax, expressed as a flourishing of the earth under Universal Roman rule. Furthermore, the connection between Aeneas,the mythical ancestor of genus Iulia,and Augustus himself is explicit, according to that propaganda of historical continuity that wanted to frame the emperor's taking of power as a providential link between the history of Rome and the history of the world then known. It is no coincidence that the Caesars Gaius and Lucius are dressed as Trojan Young men , just as the combination between the triumph of Rome and Saturnia .

Byzantine artists underlined the spiritual nature of religious people depicting scenes and people from Christianity on wooden panels (icons) and decorating the walls with multi- coloured bright mosaics . Gold was widely used to represent the presence of God or a social status. 

Roman sculpture was in continuous progress in imperial times, in fact the faces are represented with realism. Roman sculpture represents not only ideal beauty, but also moral virtues. In the Middle Ages architects achieved great mastery in both religious, civil and military architecture. The churches were built in the shape of a Latin cross with thick walls, low vaults, a central nave, low side aisles and round arches for windows and doors. 

The Flavian amphitheater is the best known and most famous monument of ancient Rome, still its symbol today. It is called the Colosseum because of the huge 35-meter bronze colossus dedicated to Nero, located next to it. The Colosseum was built starting in 71 AD and is part of the world heritage site. The plan of the Colosseum is elliptical, that is, slightly flattened on the sides, to offer the best view of the games with a large central arena and a staircase that can accommodate about 73,000 spectators. It is about 50m high and has a diameter of 188m. The Flavian amphitheater was inaugurated in 80 AD. with 100 days of consecutive games, where it was also possible to carry out naval battles, thanks to the side channels from which the water entered, while the gladiators could easily alternate thanks to the corridors that were located north and south of the structure while the entrances were east and west. The Colosseum has a powerful structure made up of round arches that rest on the pillars flanked by half-columns: on the ground floor there are Doric columns that have the function of supporting the entire weight, on the second floor Ionic columns to make the entire structure more slender and on the third Corinthian to embellish it all and finally there is a full masonry. Since in ancient times it was unattended today it has a missing structure on the upper right. In addition, this very important monument is made of tuff (material of our territory) and brick. To date, many restorations have been carried out. 

The Pantheon was built in 27dc by Agrippa this is clear from the writing that we find on the outside depicted on the entablature was burned by a strong fire in the 80 and 110. Between 120 and 124dc a young emperor lover of art was rebuilt by Hadrian culture that tried to create new works of art without expanding. The Pantheon is a temple that recalls Greek art an experiment of illusionist architecture in that from the outside we find the rectangular structure while inside we find a strong innovation in its circularity. It is considered an octastic temple with the presence of 8 imposing columns in the pronaos, a Corinthian order colonnade more than twelve meters high. Inside we find a circular plan cell with a diameter of 43.3 meters equal to its height, above we have the development of the dome built with very light materials to not weigh down the structure, at its center there is an opening that gives off the light of the outside inside with a twilight effect. Finally we must remember that this temple was not built for a single divinity although more than the gods. 

THE TRAJAN'S COLUMN
The Trajan column was dedicated to the emperor Trajan who reached the maximum expansion of the Roman Empire. This column was built in 113dc and is recognized for its height of 40 meters, 10 for the base and 30 for the development of the column. The base has small reliefs with decorations representing weapons, above which we find the development of the column which has a layout of 200 meters of frieze with a continuous sculptural representation, the events are outlined by a cord that does not break their continuity. Every single metope represents a different war, among the most important won by Trajan we find that of Dacia. The column also represents a sort of dynamism that is given by the succession of episodes but also by the strong expressiveness present above each gesture which is evident despite the small size and makes cruelty perceived in the faces. With the end of the development of the column we have the Doric capital that highlights the workmanship of the column, finally we have the statue representing Trajan replaced due to its erosion in 1500 by a secoda statue (S. Pietro). 

GREEK COLUMNS
In Greek we have three orders of columns:Greek art was born between XII and VIII century BC with new innovations.
Founding Mycenaean and Minoan art with oriental art. 
There was the construction of the polis, or cities built on heights. There were also places of worship with the agora at its center, which was a market where social gatherings were held.

•Doric column
• Ionic column
• Corinthian column

 
THE GREEK TEMPLE
The temples were built to house the statue of the cult on a platform where the Greek column was present. There are several types of times:
• In antis and voiceover in antis;
• Prostil and amphiprostilo;
• Periptero and diptero;
• When we find the circular temple.

NIKE ATHENA’S TEMPLE
This temple was built in 430 BC , is amphiprostil that is composed with a pronaos, two pillars that introduce to the cell, wide and deep. The structure is perfectly in
harmony, starting from the frieze that surrounds the building with the personifications of the goddess Nike, sign of Victory.

THE NIKE OF SAMOTHRACE
The Nike of Samothrace has become a true cultural icon. Nike was made of marble and limestone, it is 2 meters and 45 cm high. Today it is located in the
Louvre museum in Paris. The Nike statue depicts a female character without a head and arms. The body is wrapped in a veil whose drapery is moved by the wind. The wings covered with soft feathers instead are spread behind the back. Nike finally stands forward moving forward with her right leg. it has been idealized to be positioned at the bow of a ship.

FINAL CONCLUSIONS
Examples of Greek art are still present today and can be viewed by the public. We can find Greek
works either in some museums around the world or in ancient Greece. Nowadays these works are very precious and have an inestimated value and are preserved with great care.

ROBERTA & ALESSIA SABBATO