Diagnostic Group Information by https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups en-us 2018-09-19 02:12:34 UTC 2026-01-15 17:53:35 UTC hello@padlet.com Definitions: dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/283226687 - Developmental Disability:
A developmental disability, usually beginning during the developmental period, is a group of conditions that is caused by physical, learning,language, or behavioral impairments.

- Intellectual Disability:
An intellectual disability is the most common type of developmental disability. The term Intellectual Disability (ID) means that an individual has certain limitations with their cognitive functioning and skills, and deficits in adaptive behavior (prior to 18 years of age).

- Autism Spectrum Disorder:
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD),  the fastest growing developmental disability in the USA, is a neurodevelopmental disorder with diagnostic criteria based on behavioral and developmental characteristics. These include deficits in social and emotional reciprocity and impaired communication skills.]]> 2018-09-19 02:25:09 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/283226687 Causes of ASD dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/283226987 While the exact cause of ASD is unknown, over the past 10 years many studies, and research have been conducted in attempt to better understand it. Three areas of research that have explained the disorder are:
1. Genetic abnormalities/genetics: 
A 1977 study done by Folstein and Rutter found that identical twins were more likely to share autism than fraternal twins.

2. Neurological structure and development:
Researchers believe this is a factor of the development of ASD, because children with ASD are more likely (than children without ASD) to develop epilepsy.

-1/2 of the children studied with ASD had abnormal EEGs
-Individuals with ASD have fewer and smaller Purkinje cells
-The frontal cortex of individuals with ASD tends to be smaller, with isolated cells compared to individuals without ASD

3. Environmental factors:
Theories involving the correlation of pesticides, immunizations and ASD have been made. 
]]> 2018-09-19 02:26:13 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/283226987 Systems affected by ASD dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/283227018 Social communication and interactions are significantly impaired for individuals with ASD. In addition, an individual with ASD has a difficult time adapting to and accepting changes in their environments.

Individuals with ASD also lack skills in social emotional reciprocity, interpersonal relationships, and understanding nonverbal communication. This may result in shorter attention spans, and inability to regulate or express their emotions.

Criteria for Diagnosis:
1. Deficits in social communication and interaction
2. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities
3. Symptoms must be present during childhood or adolescence
4. Symptoms must cause significant functional impairment
5. All other possible causes for symptoms must be ruled out

Three Severity Levels
1) Requires support;
Notable deficits in social communication and interactions

2) Requires substantial support;
Deficits in social communication skills are apparent with supports, distress with change, and repetitive behaviors

3) Requires very substantial support;
Social communication deficits are severe and result in minimal social interactions and response to others. Restricted, repetitive behaviors cause daily schedules to be extremely inflexible

]]> 2018-09-19 02:26:18 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/283227018 Common Secondary Conditions in ASD dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/283227072 Common secondary conditions associated with ASD include epilepsy, sleep disorders, hyperactivity, anxiety, and depression.

The most problematic secondary conditions are sensory processing dysfunctions, cognitive impairments, and self-injurious behaviors.

3 Primary Sensory Processing Difficulties:   
  1. Sensory over-responsivity: the brain is unable to inhibit sensations effectively. This results in "meltdowns" due to their brain's inability to properly respond to stimuli 
  2.  Sensory under-responsivity: individuals with ASD have an unusually less intense reactions to sensory information. This is due to the brain needing much more neural activity to receive a response. An example of this would be a child with ASD getting a severe injury and not feeling pain. 
  3. Sensory seeking individual: an individual that requires more intense sensory input than an individual without ASD. This often is in association with exhibiting high levels of self-stimulation 




]]> 2018-09-19 02:26:29 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/283227072 3 Effective Treatments for ASD dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/283227192 1. Schedules- Using lists to complete tasks/activities in various forms  to meet the individual's needs.
2. Modeling- This treatment involves an adult or peer that demonstrates the desired behavior or task live or on videotape.
3. Self-management- This treatment intervention promotes independence for the individual by training them to regulate and maintain their behaviors. This is done through recording the occurrence/nonoccurrence of the desired/target behavior by using motivational strategies the individual has selected for achievement. ]]> 2018-09-19 02:26:56 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/283227192 Causes of Intellectual Disabilities dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/283227269 1. Genetic causes: 
- chromosome abnormalities, errors in genes, damage to genetic material
2. Problems during pregnancy:
- drugs, alcohol, malnutrition, illnesses
3. Problems at birth:
- delivery complications, lack of oxygen, birth injuries, low birth weight, prematurity
4. Problems after birth:
- lead/mercury poisoning, near drowning experience causing oxygen deprivation, head injuries, cerebrovascular accidents, shaken baby syndrome, diseases
5. Poverty and cultural deprivation: 
- areas of poverty, environmental hazards, disease, lack of healthy stimulating environments
]]> 2018-09-19 02:27:07 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/283227269 Effective RT Interventions for Intellectual Disabilities dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/283227288
Functional Skills-
- activities focused on: coordination, social skills, cognitive skills
Education, Training and Counseling-
- developing leisure skills, skills to initiate leisure activities with others, training for daily activities of life to promote independence
Community Integration-
- pedestrian training, public transportation training, recreation resources in the community, how to access facilities
Health Promotion-
- physical exercise and recreation to improve health, mood, strength, and enhanced quality of life ]]> 2018-09-19 02:27:14 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/283227288 TR Takeaway dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/283227388 2018-09-19 02:27:36 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/283227388 Basic Information Regarding Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291046504 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy primarily affects males more than females. 
  • In 2007 the number of males affected by DMD/BMD aged 5-24 years was 349 out of 2.37 million in the US 
  • In 2009, 233 out of 1.49 million males in Northern England reported having DMD/BMD
    • These statistics equal 16 out of every 100,000 males being affected 
Onset of muscle weakness for DMD:
  • Before 5 years old 
Muscles that show weakness first:
  • Upper arms and legs 
What other parts of the body that can be affected?
  • Brain, throat, heart, diaphragm/chest muscles, stomach, intestines, spine 
]]> 2018-10-10 01:19:49 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291046504 Basic Information Regarding Cerebral Palsy (CP) dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291046717 Cerebral Palsy (CP)- describes a group of symptoms and neurological disorders appearing in infancy and early childhood. 
  • CP
    • Cerebral- brain
    • Palsy- muscle problems or weakness
    • Result of non-progressive damage of areas of the brain that control movement and coordination 
      • The areas of the brain affected are the cerebellum and basal ganglia- effects muscle tone, endurance, strength, and speech 
  • Effects of CP
    • Varies among individuals depending on severity of damage to the brain 
  • Spastic CP: 70-80% of individuals with CP. Includes muscle stiffness which can be permanently contracted. Tight muscles and tone is increased; further classified by limbs affected 
  • Athetoid or dyskinetic CP (choreoathetoid or dystonic CP): 10-20% of individuals with CP; slow, uncontrolled movements usually in extremities and face, low muscle tone; frequently dysarthria- difficulty coordinating muscles required for speech; intelligence is rarely affected
  • Ataxic CP: 5-10% of individuals with CP; balance and depth perception are most commonly affected; poor coordination, unsteady and wide-based gaits 
  • Mixed: A combination of the above types of CP. Combinations may be of high or low tone, stiffness and involuntary movements 
Types of CP are classified further based on physical area that is affected:
-Diplegia: legs are impacted
-Hemiplegia: half of the body is impacted
-Quadriplegia: both upper and lower extremities are impacted- can also impact facial and trunk muscles
]]> 2018-10-10 01:21:00 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291046717 General Symptoms of CP and its causes dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291046853 General Symptoms of CP include:
  • Ataxia (poor muscle coordination)
  • Poor muscle control
  • Spasticity or tight muscles
  • Atypical gait (scissoring particularly with spastic CP)
  • Drooling
  • Swallowing and/or eating difficulties
  • Speech impairments in clarity and articulation
  • Difficulty with fine motor tasks 
  • Toe walking
  • Atypical muscle tone (too high or low)
  • Involuntary movements or tremors 
Causes of CP
  • Approximately 70% of individuals with CP occur prenatally- caused by genetic conditions, infection, maternal bleeding or seizures, abnormal brain development, lack of oxygen, stroke, and intrauterine growth restriction 
    • New research has found a correlation between CP and abnormalities of the placenta 
  • Less than 10% of cases of CP are due to labor or delivery occurrences
    • Breech position, infections, lack of oxygen, stroke, multiple births, and jaundice  
  • The remaining percentage of CP cases occur during infancy (first years of life) and include head injuries, viral or bacterial infections affecting the CNS (such as meningitis), seizures, motor vehicle accidents, and child abuse 
  • Children born prematurely (earlier than 37 weeks) or with low birth weights (less than 3.5 pounds) are at the greatest risk of developing CP

]]> 2018-10-10 01:21:42 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291046853 Secondary Problems of CP dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291046903 The Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program reported 59% of 8 year olds with CP having another developmental disability. The disabilities included: 
  • Intellectual disability: The most common secondary disability of CP. 40-67% of children with CP will have an intellectual disability 
  • Epilepsy or seizures: ~ 35-50% of individuals with CP have seizures or epilepsy 
  • Both intellectual disability and seizure disorder: Occurs in ~25% of individuals with CP. 20-40% of individuals with CP and intellectual disabilities have epilepsy 
  • Behavioral problems: ~ 25% of children with CP have behavioral problems including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, dependency, oppositional defiance disorder, and general hyperactivity 
  • Learning disabilities: ~ 40% of children with CP have learning disabilities 
  • Sensory impairments: 15-62% of adolescents with CP have vision impairments; 6% have hearing impairments. In adults with CP, 25-39% have vision impairments; 8-18% have hearing difficulties; ~75% of children with CP develop strabismus (lazy eye) 
  • Feeding difficulties and/or malnutrition: Includes choking, long feeding times, requiring a gastric tube, underweight, sucking problems, swallowing, and silent aspiration. ~ 57% of children with CP have sucking problems during the first year of life; 80% have required feeding tubes, 50% are either overweight or underweight 
  • Lung problems: About 33% of individuals with CP experience pulmonary infection in a 6 month period 
  • Chronic pain: Pain in the back, foot, ankles, knees, shoulder pain, and headaches occur in ~ 28% of adults with CP
  • Autism: Approximately 9% of individuals with CP have autism 
]]> 2018-10-10 01:21:57 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291046903 Recreational therapy interventions for CP dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291047069 Functional Skills 
  • Exercise/stretching fitness: Promoting activity and fitness to individuals with CP is extremely important to maintain and strengthen muscles, as well as cardiovascular and respiratory function, mobility, joint range of motion and motor skills
  • Aquatic therapy:  Improves respiratory and physical functioning, range of motion, increased bilateral upper and lower extremity movements, gross motor movements, balance, coordination, hand-eye coordination, endurance, strengthening, and development of new leisure skills. In addition, warm water reduces muscle tone, relieves pain, and facilitates movement. Improved moods, increased self-esteem and body image and reduced anxiety and depression are also factors. 
  • Hippotherapy: Using horses as part of an integrated treatment. Benefits include improved head, neck, and trunk control; posture, gross motor skills, muscle symmetry, self-esteem, endurance and mobility. In addition, it promotes relaxation and reduction of hypertonia, improves speech and motor function, and increases motivation
  • Therapeutic horseback riding: improves the rider's ability to receive and process body-wide sensory information from the movements made by the horse.  Improvements include: balance, coordination, upper and lower extremity strength, sitting posture, gross motor skills, gait, riding skills, self-confidence, self-concept, sense of mastery and success, grasp, circulation, relaxation, and emotional and psychological status. Benefits of THBR also include reduction in abnormal muscle tone. 
  • Massage therapy: manipulates the muscles and soft tissues in the body which can improve health, enhance well-being, and reduces pain and anxiety.
Education, Training, and Counseling 
  • Accessibility: Education about accessing and finding accessible public areas, programs, and transportation
  • Advocacy: Advocate for inclusive environments, accessible facilities, and increased opportunities for participation
  • Barrier removal: Assist individuals with CP to overcome barriers they may face so they may fully participate in activities/society. 
  • Mobile devices as adaptive equipment
  • Leisure and health education 
  • Relaxation and coping skills: leisure activity promotes relaxation and effective coping skills to deal with stressors 
Community Integration and Inclusion
  • Social skills and inclusion: ensure accessibility for full participation 
  • Participation and inclusion: benefits of community integration and inclusion include: improved social skills, friendships, community skills, creative expression, sense of meaning, mobility management, assistive technology, self-esteem, and accessibility.
  • Advocacy skills: RT's can help individuals with CP learn these skills
Health Promotion 
  • Adaptive sports: numerous benefits for individuals with CP. Improved well-being, overall health, quality of family and social life, feelings of self-efficacy, and self-confidence, enjoyment of life, and sense of well-being. 
  • Animal-assisted therapy: improves communication, increases strength, endurance, psychological/emotional health, social interaction, and energy levels. It also decreases heart rate and blood pressure, and reduces anxiety and stress. 
  • Volunteerism: enhances psychological well-being. Increases in self-esteem, greater sense of purpose and social connectedness, improved quality of life, community involvement, functional abilities, and improve empathy and understanding skills 
  • TR camping program: Positive impacts including feeling a sense of community and respect. 


]]> 2018-10-10 01:22:56 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291047069 Additional Important Terms dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291047137
  • Diplegia- only legs are impacted
  • Hemiplegia- only half of the body is impacted; usually one side of the body in both extremities 
  • Quadriplegia- both upper and lower extremities are impacted; may also include facial and trunk muscles 
  • Ataxia- poor balance and depth perception; poor coordination, unsteady wide-based gait
  • Dysarthria- difficult or unclear articulation of speech that is otherwise linguistically normal 
  • Spasticity- muscle stiffness and can be permanently contracted; muscles are tight and tone is increased (classified by which limbs are affected) 
  • Contractures- shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue, often leading to deformity and rigidity of joints
  • shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue, often leading to deformity and rigidity of joints
  • Osteopenia- weaker than normal bones (but not to the point of breaking)
    • ]]>     2018-10-10 01:23:13 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291047137     Basic information regarding Spinal Cord Injuries (SCI) dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291047403 SCIs occur when the spinal cord is damaged due to trauma, disease or disorder. When damage occurs communication is interrupted, and may result in temporary or permanent loss of movement and/or sensations. ]]> 2018-10-10 01:24:47 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291047403 Classifications of SCI dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291047445 SCI is classified by level of injury and type. Paralysis and function are related to the level of injury.

    Level of Injury
    Several tests are performed to determine LOI, and assess the vertebral column and spinal cord. These tests allow medical professionals to determine impairments.
    Type of Injury
    • Exhibiting no motor or sensory function below the level of injury= complete SCI 
    • Exhibiting some motor or sensory function below the level of injury= incomplete SCI
      • Can result from contusions to the spinal cord, displaced bone, or edema


    ]]>     2018-10-10 01:25:03 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291047445     Types of SCI dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291047460 Divided into 2 groups: tetraplegia (which results from injury C1-C8), and paraplegia (which results from injury to T1-S5
    • Can be further broken down into complete tetraplegia, incomplete tetraplegia, complete paraplegia, and incomplete paraplegia
      • Most common- incomplete tetraplegia, followed by complete paraplegia, incomplete paraplegia, and complete tetraplegia 
      • C1-C3: Limited neck flexion, extension, and rotation 
      • C4: Increased control of neck flexion, extension, and rotation; scapula elevation (shoulder shrug); inspiration 
      • C5: Elbow flexion and supination (can bend arms at elbow and turn palms up); increased shoulder control, including shoulder flexion, abduction, and extension; and scapular abduction and adduction (can raise arm)
      • C6: Increased strength and control of upper extremities, including scapular protraction and elevation, forearm supination, radial wrist extension; tenodesis resulting in thumb and index finger natural opposition with flexion 
      • C6-7: Radial and ulnar wrist extension, elbow extension, partial finger extension and thumb abduction, partial finger flexors with C8 SCI 
      • T1-T7: Upper extremity muscle function intact; some trunk control and stability 
      • T8-L1: Improved trunk flexion, extension, and rotation 
      • L2-S5: Partial to full control extremities as hip flexors, knee extensors, ankle dorsiflexors, and plantar flexors return with each level of SCI
    ]]>     2018-10-10 01:25:09 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291047460     Secondary Problems of SCI dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291047488
  • Autonomic dysreflexia or hyperreflexia
    • rise in blood pressure; most commonly caused by bladder issues
  • Pressure ulcers 
    • blood flow to an area stops causing the skin to die 
  • Respiratory complications 
  • Spasticity or spastic hypertonia  
    • increase in muscle tension; continuous contraction of muscles 
  • Temperature regulation
  • Heterotopic ossification (HO)
    • abnormal growth of bone in muscles, tendons, or soft tissue 
  • Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
    • occurs when blood clots form in the leg's deep veins
  • Orthostatic (postural) hypotension
    • low blood pressure that occurs when standing up from sitting/lying down


    • ]]>     2018-10-10 01:25:20 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291047488     Additional Important Terms dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291047538 Tetraplegia-  refers to a spinal cord injury above the first thoracic vertebrae, or within the sections of C1-C8; commonly known as quadriplegia 
    Paraplegia- paralysis of the legs and lower body
    Complete vs incomplete injury-
    • Exhibiting no motor or sensory function below the level of injury= complete SCI 
    • Exhibiting some motor or sensory function below the level of injury= incomplete SCI
    Autonomic dysreflexia- life threatening rise in blood pressure that can occur in individuals with LOI at or above T6 when a negative stimulus is present within or outside the body below the level of injury
    Pressure ulcer- too much pressure that builds up on the skin in a particular area. The blood flow in this area is halted and the skin begins to die as a result. This dead skin then results in pressure ulcers
    ]]>     2018-10-10 01:25:41 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291047538     TR takeaway dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291047813 2018-10-10 01:27:18 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/291047813 Definitions: dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/295258294
  • Pressure Ulcer: (Bed Sores; Decubitus Ulcers): Too much (unrelieved) pressure that builds up on the skin in a particular area. The blood flow in the area is halted and the skin dies as a result. This dead skin results in a pressure ulcer.
    • - Stage 1: persistent skin redness that does not disappear with relieved pressure 
    -Stage 2: partial thickness is lost and appears as an abrasion, blister, or crater 
    -Stage 3: full thickness of skin is lost; subcutaneous tissues are exposed 
    -Stage 4: full thickness of skin and subcutaneous tissues are lost; muscle or bone are exposed 
    • Incontinence: Lack of voluntary control over urination or defecation 
    -Measured using 5 categories:
    Continent
    Usually Continent:     Incontinent episodes less than weekly
    Occasionally continent: Incontinent episodes once a week
    Frequently incontinent: Incontinent 2-3 times a week
    Total Dependence: Incontinent all or almost all the time

    • Delirium: Deficit in attention and an additional deficit in cognition such as learning and memory, complex attention, executive function, language, perceptual-motor abilities, and social cognition.
      • Possibility of improved function 
    • Dementia: (The DSM 5 allows this term to be used in settings where patients and medical personnel are familiar with the term; strongly suggests the term of neurocognitive disorder to be used); decline in mental ability that is severe enough to interfere with daily life
    ]]>     2018-10-22 00:49:19 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/295258294     Alzheimer's Disease dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/295258369
  • Alzheimer's Disease: A type of dementia that causes issues with memory, thinking and behavior. 
  • Predominant age: Early onset vs. Late onset
    • Early onset: before 65 years old- uncommon
    • Late onset: after 65 years old (incidence doubles every 5 years after 65) 
  • Causes: Alzheimer's disease is caused by plaques that form in the brain. The plaque destroys brain cells, which creates progressive deterioration of higher functioning in the areas of memory, problem solving, and thinking. 
    • Characterized by an inability to carry out everyday tasks or perform instrumental activities of daily living 
  • Systems affected: The systems that are affected include the following:
    • complex attention: mild- Taking longer than they used to for tasks, need to double check more often, find thinking easier with fewer other things. 
      • major- easily distracted by events in the environment which inhibits functioning; input needs to be simplified; mental calculations are not possible, and thinking takes longer than usual  
    • executive function: 
      • mild- requiring increased effort to complete multistage projects; trouble resuming a task after an interruption; requires extra effort to organize, plan, or make decisions; finds large social gatherings more taxing because of increased social effort following shifting conversations
        • major- abandons complex projects, needs to focus on one task at a time, and rely on others to plan instrumental activities of daily living or make decisions  
    • learning and memory: mild- trouble recalling recent events, reliance on making lists, trouble keeping track of characters in movies/novels, repetition of stories within a couple weeks 
      •  major- repeating within the same conversation, cannot keep track of short lists of items when shopping, requires frequent reminders to stay with the current task 
      • severe- early memories and implicit memory are preserved even when current memories are lost  
    • language: mild- noticeable word finding difficulties and general terms are substituted for specific terms, subtle grammatical errors
      • major- significant difficulties with both expressive and receptive language ("that thing"), general pronouns, may stop speaking 
    • perceptual-motor abilities: mild- reliance on maps and directions to get places, getting lost easily, problems with spatial tasks (sewing, carpentry, and knitting) 
      • major- previously familiar activities become a problem; confusion at dusk when light levels change perceptions 
  • social cognition: mild- subtle changes in personality, behaviors, or attitudes. Less ability to read facial expressions or recognize social cues 
    • major- behavior outside of acceptable range; inability to react appropriately to cues from others during discussion or when doing things with them, safety is not a consideration in decisions, little insight to changes 
    • ]]>     2018-10-22 00:49:52 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/295258369     Lewy Body Neurocognitive Disorder (NCD) dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/295258442 This term is an umbrella term for two related diagnoses:
    • It refers to Parkinson's disease NCD and NCD with Lewy bodies. 
    • Affects 1.3 million individuals in the US.
    • Parkinson's disease affects ~ 2% of individuals over 65
    ]]>     2018-10-22 00:50:29 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/295258442     TR Approaches for NCD dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/295259331
  • TR programs must be carefully designed, keeping in mind the individual's age, personality, stage of disease, cognitive and physical functioning, behavioral problems, and leisure interests/skill level.
  • Meaningful activities for individuals with NCD promote well-being, and prevent excess disability
    • Self-selected activities that promote a sense of personal expression are often most beneficial 
  • To increase participation:
    • Farrington Leisure Interest Inventory- assesses past and current leisure interests 
    • Neurodevelopmental Sequencing Program (NDSP)- conceptual framework to design and implement programs 
      • Purpose: improve the quality of life for individuals with NCD through the enhancement of physical and psychosocial abilities related to recreation participation

    • TR Interventions 
    •  Functional Skills 
    • Education, Training, and Counseling 
    • Community Integration 
    • Health Promotion

    ]]>     2018-10-22 00:56:52 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/295259331     How NCD affects the family dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/295259391 The families of individuals with NCD are drastically impacted. The family often is responsible for the individual. The duties that the family must perform include medication management, scheduling and transportation to doctor's visits, personal care assistance, and other various activities. 
    In addition to the added responsibilities placed upon the family, emotional tolls are taken as the family must watch their loved one lose their cognitive abilities and capacities. All members of the family (not just the person diagnosed) are affected since roles often change in the family (Iacobacci, 2017). 

    Iacobacci, C. (2017, July 27). Neurocognitive Disorder as a Family Illness. Retrieved from https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/neurocognitive-disorder-as-a-family-illness-2471-2701-1000158.php?aid=93513]]>     2018-10-22 00:57:20 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/295259391     TR Takeaway dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/295259521 2018-10-22 00:57:34 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/295259521 PTSD and possible causes dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209722 A disorder that affects people after traumatic events outside of combat situations (including events that were witnesses). The key feature of PTSD is the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to one or more events. 
    PTSD can be caused by: 

    • Rape
    • Surviving a traumatic event/injury 
    • Witnessing others being injured or killed 
    • Sudden, unexpected death of a loved one 
    • Loss of job/home
    • Abuse
    • Natural Disaster 
    • Being in a war zone
    • Exposure to a terrorist attack 
    • Threatened or actual physical assault 
    • Threatened or actual sexual violence 
    • Catastrophic events (waking during surgery, anaphylactic shock, etc.) 
    ]]>     2018-11-01 00:33:37 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209722     Systems affected by PTSD dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209748
  • Mood and ability to cope effectively with stressful events:
    • diminished interest in significant activities, recurring distressing recollections and/or dreams of the event, feeling separate from others, negative beliefs concerning the future 
  • Social functioning: 
    • feelings of detachment due to avoidance of others, places, and activities that remind them of the trauma 
  • Cognitive functioning: 
    • poor concentration and focus 
    • affect brain structure such as the limbic system- difficulties concerning emotional learning, emotional dysregulation

    • ]]>     2018-11-01 00:33:52 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209748     Secondary Problems of PTSD dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209772 Increased risks of agoraphobia, OCD, social phobia, major depressive disorder, somatization disorder, and substance-related
    disorders 
    • Individuals with PTSD are 80% more likely than those without it to meet diagnostic criteria for at least one other mental disorder 
    Other issues that may arise include:
    • Panic disorder, suicidal thoughts/feelings
    • Fibromyalgia 
    • Ability to continue education/employment 
    ]]>     2018-11-01 00:34:04 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209772     5 Categories of Symptoms for Schizophrenia dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209791 Delusions : 
    • Beliefs that the client will not change even though they are contradicted by evidence in the current situation. 
    • Persecution delusions: belief that someone or some organization intends to harm them 
    • Referential delusions: belief that certain gestures/environmental cues are directed towards self; (i.e. secret messages from a character on TV) 
    • Grandiose delusions: inaccurate belief of exceptional abilities 
    • Eromantic delusions: incorrect belief that someone is in love with them 
    • Nihilistic delusion: belief in impending destruction 
    • Somatic delusions: inaccurate beliefs about health  
    Hallucinations 
    • Vivid perceptions of something that is occuring in the real world even though nothing in the real world is causing the perception 
    • Auditory hallucinations are the most common 
    Disordered Thinking and Speech: 
    • Impairs communication
    • Switching topics in ways that the listener cannot follow, giving answers that are not related
    • Memory deficits 
    • Delayed recall
    • Difficulty accessing vocabulary
    • Difficulty/inability to plan
    • Impairments in organizing information
    • Problems attending to single/multiple tasks 
    Motor behavior: 
    • Behaviors interfere with activities of daily living or other goal-directed behaviors 
    • Catatonia- resistance to instructions, rigid or bizarre postures, lack of response 
      • purposeless, stereotyped movements, grimacing, staring, echoing of speech
    Negative symptoms: 
    • Diminished emotional expression- flattened affect 
      • fewer/less emphatic facial expressions, lack of intonation in speech, less eye contact, fewer physical movements while communicating  
      • avolition- decrease in or lack of motivation (with initiating behavior)
      • alogia- poverty of speech
      • asociality- decreased desire to interact with others
      • anhedonia- inability to experience pleasure
    ]]>     2018-11-01 00:34:14 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209791     Causes of Schizophrenia dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209804 No known cause, however there genetics seems to play a role in its development
    • Structure and chemical composition of the brain 
      • enlarged ventricles; possibly related to tissue deterioration, and less activity in the frontal cortex 
      • chemical imbalances in dopamine 
    • Environmental factors 
      • environmentally stressful settings such as urban or impoverished settings 
      • lower socioeconomic groups 
      • immigrants 
    • Psychosocial factors: 
      • biological condition that prevents one from developing an integrated sense of self 
      • deviant family styles (especially in those with predispositions to SSD)
    ]]>     2018-11-01 00:34:31 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209804     Hallucination, delusion, psychosis, & anhedonia dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209838 Hallucination: 
    • Vivid perceptions of something that is occuring in the real world even though nothing in the real world is causing the perception
    Delusion:  
    • Beliefs that the client will not change even though they are contradicted by evidence in the current situation. 
    • Persecution delusions: belief that someone or some organization intends to harm them 
    • Referential delusions: belief that certain gestures/environmental cues are directed towards self; (i.e. secret messages from a character on TV) 
    • Grandiose delusions: inaccurate belief of exceptional abilities 
    • Eromantic delusions: incorrect belief that someone is in love with them 
    • Nihilistic delusion: belief in impending destruction 
    • Somatic delusions: inaccurate beliefs about health  
    Psychosis: impaired thoughts and emotions that causes a reality loss 
    Anhedonia: inability to experience pleasure 
    ]]>     2018-11-01 00:34:50 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209838     Major Depressive Disorder and Symptoms dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209870 Axis I disorder manifested with diverse symptomatology that may occur as a single episode or recurrent condition that ranges in intensity from mild to severe 
    Symptoms may include: 
    • Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day 
    • Diminished interest or pleasure in most or all activities, nearly every day 
    • Significant unintentional increase/decrease in weight or appetite
    • Lack of sleep or sleeping excessively, nearly every day
    • Psychomotor changes noticed by others ( agitation or sluggishness), nearly every day
    • Fatigue and/or loss of energy, nearly every day
    • Feelings of guilt and/or worthlessness, nearly every day
    • Diminished cognitive abilities, nearly every day
    • Recurrent thoughts of death 
    • Psychotic features:
      • accompanied by hallucinations or delusions   
    • Catatonic features: 
      • immobility, extreme irritation, extreme negativism, peculiarities of voluntary movement, echolalia or echopraxia
    • Melancholic features: 
      • somatic symptoms of depression- early morning waking and intensified morning symptoms; anorexia or weight loss 
    • Atypical features: 
      • mood reactivity and at least two of the following: leaden paralysis, long-standing pattern of interpersonal rejection sensitivity, increase in appetite or weight, hypersomnia 
    • Seasonal patterns: 
      • relationship between depressive symptoms and time of year; hypersomnia
    ]]>     2018-11-01 00:35:09 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209870     Systems affected by MDD dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209908
  • Diminished quality of life 
  • Lost work productivity 
  • Cognitive and emotional impairment 
  • Alters one's appraisals of existing social supports 
  • Potentially cause negative impacts on short and long-term relationships 
  • Disruption of daily activities through amotivation and lethargy 
  • Low self-efficacy 
  • Neglect of basic self-care
  • Weight gain/loss
    • ]]>     2018-11-01 00:35:28 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209908     Secondary Problems of MDD dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209940
  • Chronic pain
  • Illness
  • Disability 
  • Cardiovascular disorders 
  • Anxiety
  • Substance abuse
  • Eating disorders
  • Dementia
  • Personality disorders
  • Social phobia
  • PTSD
  • Slightly less rates of OCD, panic disorder, and specific phobia

    • ]]>     2018-11-01 00:35:48 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209940     Generalized Anxiety Disorder dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209966 One of ten anxiety disorders classified by the DSM 5 

    Characterized by: 
    • Excessive and uncontrollable worry about everything more days than not for at least six months 
    • Manifests physical symptoms: muscle tension, sweating, nausea, GI problems, jumpiness, fidgeting, trembling, inability to relax, being easily startled, trouble sleeping, feeling on edge 
    • Feel like they are losing control of self and/or the situation during periods of extreme anxiety 

    Severity: 

    Mild: sharpens sense and expands the perceptual field, preparing us for action. Learning abe problem skills are enhanced 
    Moderate: decreases perceptual field. Sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell are limited and the ability to think is impaired. Problem solving and ability to mobilize resources can be hindered 
    Severe: constricts the perceptual field so that focus is limited to one specific detail. Completing tasks or processing information is compromised, and behavior and attention are directed towards to anxiety
    ]]>     2018-11-01 00:36:03 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209966     Systems affected by GAD dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209978 Affects mental functions such as: 
    • Mood 
    • Cognition (trouble concentrating, difficulty learning new information and behaviors, misinterpretation of events and situations, poor short term memory, difficulty with abstract thinking), social functioning 
    Motor functioning: 
    • Shakiness 
    • Restlessness
    • Headaches 
    • GI problems
    • Cardiovascular issues such as racing heart
    • Respiratory issues such as shortness of breath 
    • Autonomic nervous system function
    • Excessive sweating
    ]]>     2018-11-01 00:36:11 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209978     TR Takeaway dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209991 2018-11-01 00:36:19 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299209991 Systems affected by Schizophrenia dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299210074 Cognitive functioning: 
    • Delusion and disordered thinking and speech 
    Perceptual functioning: 
    • Positive symptoms- sensory hallucinations
    • Receiving, processing and initiating conversation may be impaired 
    Structural composition of the brain:
    • Decreased activity in frontal lobe 
    Emotional functioning: 
    • Negative symptoms- blunted or flattened affect
    • Anhedonia- inability to experience pleasure 
    Social functioning: 
    • Asociality, and inability to empathize with others 
    • Amotivation and ability to initiate behaviors
    ]]>     2018-11-01 00:37:15 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/299210074     Why Gambling Disorder is an addictive disorder dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796046 Gambling affects the brain's reward system in a way that is similar to substance abuse. 
    If gambling becomes an addiction, the effects they get from gambling are similar to effects someone with alcoholism gets from alcohol. 
    They may begin to crave gambling like others with substance disorders experience. ]]>     2018-11-06 01:53:41 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796046     Causes of Gambling Disorder dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796083
  • Behaviorally conditioned problem gamblers: 
    • Access to gambling- believe they are able to win money back which begins the cycle. Cognitive distortions such as believing they have control over the outcome
      • often experience anxiety, depression, and substance use/abuse 
      • lower levels of gambling problems and more likely to comply to treatment 
  • Emotionally vulnerable problem gamblers: 
    • develops similarly to the behaviorally conditioned group; similar conditioning, environmental, and psychological factors
    • characterized by pre-existing vulnerabilities such as anxiety and or depression, poor coping, and problem-solving skills, as well as negative family experiences and life events 
    • attracted to gambling to meet psychological needs and reduce emotional states 
    • Less likely to respond to treatment and are unlikely to gamble in non-problematic ways 
  • Antisocial, impulsive problem gamblers: 
    • More likely to have a predisposing psychological and biological factors that contribute to the gambling problem
    • believed to have neurological and neurochemical dysfunctions in addition to impulsivity, attention deficit disorder, and antisocial personality  
    • Tend to have more psychopathy- more likely to report parents with substance abuse and antisocial problems, early exposure to substance/gambling disorders
    • unlikely to seek treatment and not comply
    • ]]>     2018-11-06 01:53:53 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796083     Systems affected by Gambling Disorder and Secondary Problems dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796315
  • Interference with occupational/social functioning 
  • Cognitive processes become irrational- thought preoccupied with various elements of gambling including memories of past experiences, and anticipation of future gambling 
  • Relationship strains 
  • Antisocial behavior- stealing, fraud, embezzling, forgery, etc. in order to obtain more money to support the gambling behaviors 
  • Emotional difficulties- depression, inability to cope, feelings of losing control 
  • Substance misuse 
  • Divorce/Separation 
  • Occupational difficulties
  • Criminal behaviors 
  • Antisocial behavior 
  • Financial trouble 
  • Affective/ substance-related disorders
  • Suicide
    • ]]>     2018-11-06 01:55:28 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796315     Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder, Pica dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796383
  • Anorexia nervosa: refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimally normal weight for height, body type, age, activity level; intense fear of weight gain or being fat; feeling fat/overweight despite dramatic weight loss, extreme concern with body weight and shape; loss of menstrual periods 
    • sudden weight loss, extreme dieting, food rituals, hair loss, dry skin/hair, brittle nails, fine downy hair are all warning signs 
  • Bulimia Nervosa: recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food in short periods of time, often secretly without regard to feelings of hunger or fullness, to the point of feeling out of control; following the binges with some form of purging or compensating behaviors to make up for the excessive calories- vomiting, laxative/diuretic use, fasting, obsessive/compulsive exercise, extreme concern with body weight and shape
    • disappearance of large amounts of food, frequent trips to the bathroom after meals, calluses on knuckles from vomiting, swelling of the face are all warning signs 
  • Binge-eating disorder: frequent episodes of eating large quantities of food in short periods of time often secretly without regard to feelings of hunger or fullness; frequently feeling out of control during binges; not tasting the food during binges; eating alone; feelings of shame, disgust, and guilt; no compensatory behaviors 
    • sudden weight gain and disappearance of large amounts of food are warning signs 
  • Pica: persistent eating of nonfood/ nonnutritive substances that is developmentally inappropriate and not supported by cultural or social practices
    • ]]>     2018-11-06 01:55:56 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796383     Causes of Eating Disorders dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796468 Influenced a variety of factors which can include genetics or the environment
    • Genetics:  Eating disorders tend to run in families. 50-80% of eating disorders are caused by genetics 
    • Biological issues: Serotonin may influence eating behaviors. Disordered eating behaviors alter brain structure, metabolism, and neurochemistry which makes it difficult to discontinue the behaviors 
    • Psychological or interpersonal issues: Eating disorders may develop or be triggered as a result for searching for control, coping with stress or trauma, personality factors, family issues, low self-esteem, feelings of inadequacy or lack of control in life, depression, anxiety, anger, stress, loneliness, troubled personal relationships, difficulty expressing emotions and feelings, history of being teased or ridiculed based on shape or weight, history of physical or sexual abuse 
      • pre-existing psychological and emotional problems that contribute to the disorder such as- low self-esteem, perfectionism, impulsive behavior, troubled relationships 
      • inability to mourn/cope with death, loss or abandonment 
        • numbing feelings  
    • Social/societal issues: Society's desire for thinness, peer pressure of media to be thin, unrealistic body images portrayed, constant influx  images or perfectionism, narrow definitions of beauty
      • body types portrayed by the perfect body ideal is possessed naturally by only 5% of American females 
    • Cultural issues: Cultures that glorify "thinness" or muscularity place a high value on obtaining the "perfect body," which causes narrow definitions of beauty such as body shapes, weights, and sizes- emphasis on physical appearance rather than inner qualities and strengths 
    • Obesity prevention programs: 30% of parents  of children aged six to 14 who participated in school-based childhood obesity prevention programs observed behaviors in their children that are commonly seen in eating disorders
    ]]>     2018-11-06 01:56:28 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796468     Systems affected by eating disorders dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796480
  • Social- impact family units; often withdrawn and socially isolated 
  • Nutritional issues- problems including nutritional and caloric intake, eating patterns, eliminated or taboo foods, food rituals, using food inappropriately to deal with crisis
  • Cognitive- denial of the illness, severe body image issues, perfectionism, challenges with escape or avoidance thoughts or behaviors
  • Emotional- may include anxiety, depression, decreased self-esteem and self-worth, inability to express or cope with anger
  • Physical- dehydration, low blood pressure, osteoporosis, stomach and digestive complications, arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat), tearing of the esophagus
    • ]]>     2018-11-06 01:56:36 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796480     Secondary problems of eating disorders dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796524 Can cause severe medical issues: cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, brain damage, osteoporosis, infertility and death 
    • ~50% of people with eating disorders meet the criteria for depression 
    • Eating disorders during pregnancy increase the risk for premature labor, low birth weight, cardiac irregularities, stillbirth or fetal death, gestational diabetes, miscarriage, preeclampsia, complications during labor, respiratory difficulties, abnormal fetal growth, increased risk of cesarean birth, difficulties breastfeeding, postpartum depression, anxiety or panic attacks, low self-esteem, poor body image, suicidal ideation, withdrawal or social isolation, lack of enjoyment in hobbies/activities, marital and family issues 
    • Anorexia nervosa: Bone loss, difficulties with temperature regulation, loss of menstrual periods, low heart rate, low blood pressure, anxiety, depression, social isolation, perfectionism 
    • Bulimia nervosa: Electrolyte imbalance, esophageal ulcers, tooth decay, anxiety, depression, substance use, difficulties with impulse control
    • Binge-eating disorder: gastric problems, obesity, obesity-related conditions, anxiety, depression, and substance use  
    ]]>     2018-11-06 01:56:54 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796524     Causes of substance related disorders dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796543
  • Familial, social or cultural factors: more likely to have issues with substance abuse if there are issues with the primary family, social and/or cultural network tolerates, approves, and/or models substance abuse and related behaviors 
  • Personality factors: experiencing depression, high levels of stress, challenges in self-regulating behavior, and/or having poor coping skills increases the probability of substance related disorders 
  • Cognitive factors:  substance use produces positive effects that reinforce the continued/increased use of substances; specific expectations that the substance will reduce negative emotional states 
  • Genetic factors: individuals with parents with substance use problems increases the risk for them to develop a problem even when social factors are controlled
    • genetic vulnerability- greater sensitivity to positive psychopharmacological effects of substances 
  • Biological factors: neurotransmitters including dopamine and serotonin affect the reward pathways of the brain. Research shows substance use artificially influences the function of the neurotransmitters to the extent that it becomes difficult for the reward system to be stimulated naturally
    • ]]>     2018-11-06 01:57:00 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796543     Systems affected by substance related disorders dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796631
  • Smoking marijuana/tobacco: lung damage 
  • Alcohol: liver damage/functioning
  • Employment 
  • Relationships 
  • Personal health practices 
  • Physical health- illness, injury, hyperactivity of autonomic NS , physical damage to the body
  • Mental health- anxiety, depression, loss of motivation, anger, agitation, and irritability 
  • Social health concerns- strained or unhappy relationships 
  • Cognitive health concerns- short term confusion, learning problems, and memory loss 
    • hallucinations and delusions are possible
  • Poor impulse control, poor judgement, poor sleep quality with frequent disruptions in the sleep/wake cycle and insomnia 
  • Lifestyle- financial instability, unemployment, homelessness, traffic accidents, conflict with the law, food insecurity, poor nutritional intake, and poor dental hygiene 
    • may also include the influence of violence  
    • ]]>     2018-11-06 01:57:38 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796631     Secondary problems of substance related disorders dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796688
  • Others affected: may impact family, friends, co-workers, and classmates. May experience isolation, social life restrictions, dissatisfying relationships, public embarrassment, a disruption of  routines or family celebrations, feelings of shame, anger and resentment, the burden of multiple roles/changing roles, depression, guilt or responsibility, changes in physical health, financial instability and violence. 
  • Concurrent disorders or dual diagnosis: it is not uncommon to also experience other mental health concerns. More than 50% of those seeking help for their substance use also have a mental illness 
    • treatment can be complex and complicated; frequent relapse and recurrent crises tend to be a norm 
    • increased challenges of coping with their circumstances and the stigma of problematic substance use and mental illness, clients with concurrent disorders more often experience higher rates of unemployment, relationship difficulties, social anxiety, poverty, homelessness, social marginalization, and/or conflict with the law 
  • Other disorders associated with substance use: 
    • anxiety disorders. 2-5x greater risk of having substance use problems 
    • increased risk for individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
    • mood disorders- major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, dysthymia, and cyclothymia 
    • psychosis- delusions/hallucinations
      • schizophrenia

    • ]]>     2018-11-06 01:57:59 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796688     TR takeaway dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796699 2018-11-06 01:58:05 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/300796699 CVA (stroke) dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303810574 A disease that affects the arteries in and around the brain. CVA's occur when blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to the brain ruptures or is blocked by a clot. 
    • This results in parts of the brain not receiving the required oxygen that it needs- the lack of oxygen causes brain cells in that part of the brain to die 
    • Results in neurological impairments 
    ]]>     2018-11-13 15:42:02 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303810574     FAST dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303810714 Face Drooping- if one side of an individual's face numbs or droops, the person may be having a stroke. (Ask the person to smile and make observations).
    Arm Weakness- if one arm is numb or weak a stroke may be occuring. If both arms cannot be raised without having one drift down, a stroke may be occuring.
    Speech Difficulty- if the person is having slurred speech or in unable to speak, they may be having a stroke. As the person to repeat "the grass is green.'"
    Time to call 911- if any of these signs are exhibited, call 911 and get the person to the hospital immediately. ]]>     2018-11-13 15:42:12 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303810714     Left CVA vs. Right CVA dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303810874
  • Left CVA- right hemiplegia, language deficits, slow and cautious behavior style 
  • Right CVA- left hemiplegia, visual deficits, quick and impulsive behavior style
    • ]]>     2018-11-13 15:42:24 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303810874     Causes of strokes dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303811076
  • Blood clot that develops in the brain and blocks blood flow
    • thrombosis- main cause of ischemic strokes 
  • Blood clot may originate elsewhere in the vascular system and travel to the brain, where it becomes lodged and blocks blood flow 
    • Embolism- another main cause of ischemic strokes
  • Blood vessel breaks or ruptures, which causes bleeding in the brain 
    • hemorrhage- often caused by weakened blood vessels and increased blood pressure. 
      • causes of intracerebral hemorrhagic strokes and subarachnoid hemorrhage strokes 
  • Risk factors: 
    • hypertension
    • high cholesterol
    • heart disease
    • sleep apnea 
    • smoking
    • alcohol use 
    • heart rhythm disorders 
    • drug use
    • BMI above recommended range 
    • pregnancy
    • post-menopause
    • ]]>     2018-11-13 15:42:39 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303811076     Systems affected by strokes dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303811227 Motor (most common- especially in face, arms, and/or legs), sensory, cognitive, language, and visual functions are impacted 
    • Motor: 
      • hemiplegia
      • motor planning
      • muscle power
      • muscle tone
      • reflexes
      • balance
      • gait
      • apraxia
      • coordination 
    • Sensory:
      • decreased sensory awareness
      • numbness
      • tingling
      • astereognosis
      • agraphia
      • processing problems 
    • Cognitive:
      • decreases in consciousness functions
      • calculation abilities
      • attention
      • concentration
      • problem solving
      • organizing
      • perception
      • orientation
      • time management
      • planning
      • judgement
      • safety 
    • Language: 
      • dysphasia in comprehension, reading, writing
      • decrease in expression and reception of language 
    • Visual: 
      • double vision
      • depth perception problems
      • field cuts 
    • Emotions, personality, sexual functioning bowel and bladder functioning are also impacted 
      • depression, reflex crying, emotional challenges, and one-side neglect
    • Effects depend on age and gender, type and location of stroke, speed and effectiveness of the medical care 
    ]]>     2018-11-13 15:42:50 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303811227     Secondary problems associated with stroke dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303811336
  • Inactivity- may affect work performance, academic performance, community involvement, and social relationships 
    • lack of mobility 
    • poor coping mechanisms 
    • loss of function
    • barriers to recreation and leisure choices 
  • Decreased in independence and participation 
    • loss of mobility 
    • loss of ability to perform both activities of daily living (ADLs) 
      • personal hygiene
      • bowel and bladder management, ambulation, etc 
    • instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)
      • taking proper medications, managing money, shopping for groceries, etc 
    • increase in the number and severity of falls 
  • Increased burdens of caregivers 
  • Post-stroke depression 
    • 1/3 of individuals that experienced a stroke 
    • irritability, trouble sleeping,  low self-esteem, fatigue, withdrawal 
  • Emotional lability 
    • rapid transition from emotional highs to emotional lows with no apparent provocation
      • 20% of individuals that have experienced a stroke  
    • ]]>     2018-11-13 15:42:58 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303811336     Traumatic brain injury (TBI) dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303811619 A form of an acquired brain injury that occurs from a direct trauma to the brain.
    • Can be caused by a blow or jolt to the head or penetrating injury
    ]]>     2018-11-13 15:43:19 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303811619     TBI classifications dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303811891
  • Mild TBI: concussion or minor brain injury 
    • occurs when an impact or forceful motion of the head results in brief alteration of mental status, such as confusion or disorientation, loss of memory for events immediately before/after injury, brief loss of consciousness 
      • Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13-15 with symptoms of: headaches, fatigue, sleep disturbance, irritability, sensitivity to light/noise, balance problems, decreased concentration/ attention, decreased speed of thinking, memory problems, nausea, blurry vision, dizziness, depression, anxiety, emotional mood swings, seizures 
  • Moderate TBI: loss of consciousness, along with persistent confusion and functional impairments in one or more of the cognitive, physical, emotional, or behavioral domains 
    • GCS score of 8-12 
  • Severe TBI: prolonged unconscious state or prolonged coma 
    • GCS score less than 8
    • ]]>     2018-11-13 15:43:40 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303811891     Systems affected by TBI dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303812034
  • Brain- wide spectrum of dysfunction 
  • Physical changes: impairments such as weakness, muscle tone and coordination problems, full or partial paralysis, balance difficulties, fatigue 
  • Cognitive changes: impairments such as arousal, attention, initiation, and memory. Problem solving and the whole set of functions may be affected including: judgement, organization and planning, time management, abstract reasoning, insight. Others can include changes in reading, language and communication 
  • Emotional and behavioral changes: may include difficulty with social skills, such as empathy inabilities with others or poor pragmatics, inappropriate or self-centered behavior, disinhibited behavior, other emotional-behavioral issues such as irritability, agitation, frustration, flat affect, depression, and/or anxiety 
    • ]]>     2018-11-13 15:43:51 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303812034     Secondary problems associated with TBI dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303812231 Further damage to the structure of the brain: 
    • Anoxic injury: injury that results from an absence of oxygen to the brain
    • Hypoxic injury: injury that results from a decrease of oxygen to the brain 
    • Cranial nerve dysfunction: 12 pairs of cranial nerves- injury to one or more may occur resulting in impairments in taste, smell, visual, auditory, or vestibular function 
    • Edema: swelling and excess fluid in the brain 
    • Hematomas: collection of blood that increases intracranial pressure (ICP)
      • subdural hematoma: blood vessels rupture between the brain and the dura 
      • epidural or extradural hematoma: where blood vessels rupture between dura and the skull
      • intracerebral or intraparenchymal hematoma: bleeding within the brain itself 
    • Hydrocephalus: (ventricular enlargement) occurs when cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates in the brain resulting in dilation of the cerebral ventricles and an increase in intracranial pressure 
      • symptoms: incontinence, gait disorder, dementia
    • Heterotopic ossification (HO): formation of bone where bone does not usually form in soft tissues 
      • 10-20% of individual with severe TBI in proximal joints of the upper and lower extremities
        • symptoms: pain, warmth, swelling, contracture formation 
    • Seizures: post-traumatic seizures and epilepsy. May develop immediately or more than one week after the injury 
      • 25% of patients with brain contusions or hematomas and about 50% of patients with penetrating head injuries develop seizures that occur within 24 hours of the injury
    ]]>     2018-11-13 15:44:06 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303812231     TR takeaway dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303812422 2018-11-13 15:44:21 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/303812422 Diabetes (Type 1 & 2) dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334521 Diabetes mellitus (MS) is a complex disease that occurs when insulin production is too low or when the body is unable to effectively use the insulin it produces because of defects in insulin receptors
    Type 1 diabetes (T1D):
    Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and juvenile-onset diabetes are T1D.
    This develops when the body's immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells that make insulin. Primarily occurs in children and young adults.
    Autoimmune, genetic and environmental factors are all risk factors
    Type 2 diabetes (T2D):
    Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and adult-onset diabetes are T2D. 
    Most common form of diabetes accounting for 90-95% of diabetes cases. The body does not produce enough insulin or the cells cannot use the insulin properly so there is a build-up of glucose in the bloodstream. This may causes damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart, and is often associated with older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, physical inactivity, ]]>     2018-11-23 21:12:59 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334521     Causes of Type 1/2 Diabetes dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334549 T1D: caused by autoimmune disease, predominantly hereditary, that attacks and destroys beta cells in the pancreas. Environmental factors such as viruses, infection, and foods  are thought to trigger the autoimmune reaction

    T2D: triggered by a combination of genetic, personal, and environmental factors. Hereditary seems to play a role- African Americans, Alaska Natives, American Indians, Pacific Islanders of American descent, and Hispanics/Latinos have a higher risk. 
    Having a parent/sibling with T2D also increases the risk. 
    Personal factors that increase risk are: obesity, middle-aged, physical inactivity, metabolic syndrome, high blood pressure, bad cholesterol levels, polycystic ovary syndrome, prediabetes, acanthosis nigricans (dark rash around neck/armpits), history of cardiovascular disease.

    ]]>     2018-11-23 21:13:14 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334549     5 Secondary Problems of Diabetes dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334593 1) Hypertension:
    ~ 2/3 of adults with diabetes have high blood pressure
    2) Heart Disease and Stroke:
    Heart disease is the leading cause of diabetes-related deaths. Adults with diabetes are twice as likely to have heart disease or stroke
    3) Blindness:
    ~ 1/3 of individuals 40 years of age or older with diabetes have diabetic retinopathy
    4) Amputations:
    More than 60% of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations are due to diabetes
    5) Dental disease: 
    ~ 1/3 of people with diabetes have severe periodontal disease with loss of attachment of the gums to the teeth measuring 5 millimeters or more ]]>     2018-11-23 21:13:34 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334593     Multiple Sclerosis (and role of myelin) dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334649 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the CNS. The body's own defense system attacks the fatty substance (myelin) that surrounds and protects the nerve fibers of the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. AS the damage occurs, the myelin covering of the nerves becomes inflamed, swollen and detached from the fibers eventually becoming completely destroyed . Scars tissue (sclerosis) form over the nerve fibers in place of the myelin ]]> 2018-11-23 21:13:53 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334649 4 Possible Disease Courses of MS dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334716 Immunologic: MS is an autoimmune process where the body's immune system attacks its own CNS destroying the myelin sheath
    Environmental: Epidemiologic studies suggest that early exposure to an environmental agent might be a triggering factor in people who are predisposed by genetic factors in people who are predisposed by genetic factors to develop MS. The frequency of MS increases for people who live further from the equator. High risks in North America, New Zealand, Australia, and Europe
    Viral: A virus triggering agent that causes demyelination and inflammation. Some suggest mycobacteria may be a cause
    Genetic: Genetic markers have been shown to increase the chances of developing MS although it is not hereditary. Genetic predispositions to MS and exposure to environmental agents causing autoimmune responses are more likely to develop MS ]]>     2018-11-23 21:14:28 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334716     Systems Affected by MS dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334739 Since MS is a disorder affecting the CNS any system associated with the brain or spinal cord may be affected. 
    Primary symptoms due to demyelination are: weakness, numbness, tingling, tremor, visual problems, pain, paralysis, poor balance, bowel and bladder dysfunction, slurred speech, decline in cognitive functioning including reasoning, memory and processing, and dysphagia. 
    Symptoms are aggravated by heat, fatigue, and stress. ]]>     2018-11-23 21:14:45 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334739     Heart Disease and Associated Conditions dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334760 Heart Disease: Umbrella term of medical terms that involve the heart in one way or another

    Blood vessel disease (cardiovascular disease): narrowed, blocked, or stiffened blood vessels that impair circulation. Symptoms include angina (chest pain), shortness of breath, pain, numbness, weakness, or feelings of coldness in extremities
    Heart arrhythmia: an abnormal heartbeat, which can be quick, slow or irregular. Symptoms include fluttering in the chest, tachycardia (racing heartbeat), bradycardia (slow heart beat), angina, shortness of breath, vertigo, feeling lightheaded, and syncope (fainting)
    Congenital heart defect: Structural problems of the heart or major blood vessels- over 18 types of congenital heart defects are recognized. These defects are usually seen in babies. Symptoms vary depending on abnormality/defect and may include: cyanosis, swelling in hands, feet, ankles, abdomen, or areas around the eyes, shortness of breath during feedings leading to poor weight gain, tiring easily, and excess fluid on heart/lungs
    Cardiomyopathy:     thickening and stiffening of the heart muscle. Symptoms include shortness of breath; swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet, bloating in the abdomen, fatigue, irregular heartbeats that feel rapid or pounding, vertigo, feelings of lightheadedness and syncope
    Heart infections:     3 types
    a) pericarditis (infection of the tissues surrounding the heart)
    b) myocarditis (infection of the muscular middle layer of the heart walls)
    c) endocarditis (infection of the inner membrane that separates the chambers and heart valves
    Symptoms include fever, shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, swelling in the legs or abdomen, heart rhythm changes, dry or persistent cough, skin rashes pr unusual spots
    Valvular heart disease:     Functions of 1+ heart valves are damaged leading to stenosis (narrowing), regurgitation (leaking) or prolapse (improper closing). Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, irregular heartbeat or heart murmur, swollen feet or ankles, angina, and syncope ]]>     2018-11-23 21:14:55 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334760     Secondary Problems related to Heart Disease dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334933
  • 20-30% of individuals with congenital heart defects have other physical, developmental, or cognitive disorders 
  • 5-10% of people with cardiac problems have anxiety disorders, particularly panic attacks and phobias, and 10-15% have mood disorders, predominantly depressive episodes, minor depression, or dysthymia 
  • Risk of depression is up to 25% for individuals with cardiovascular disease and diabetes, resulting in poorer medical outcomes, poorer glycemic control, increased diabetic symptoms, and greater all-cause mortality due to biological and psychological processes 
  • Sexual activity may be affected due to increased stress on cardiovascular system 
  • Back problems due to being overweight ot deconditioning from lack of physical activity  
    • ]]>     2018-11-23 21:16:33 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334933     Cancer dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334958 Cancer is the generic name given to more than 100 diseases where abnormal cells divide and grow out of control. As the cancer advances it invades other parts of the body spreading to nearby tissues or moving through the blood or lymphatic system.
    How cancer is named: The location where the cancer originates dictates the name of the cancer ]]>     2018-11-23 21:16:44 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307334958     Secondary Problems related to Cancer Treatment dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307335043 Surgery complications include pain, collapsed lungs, blood clots, fatigue, muscle atrophy, anesthesia effects, confusion or delirium and infection. 
    Chemotherapy effects include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, hair loss, mouth sores, low blood cell counts that increase risks for infections, bleeding, bruising or anemia. 
    Radiation effects include skin irritation and fatigue. ]]>     2018-11-23 21:17:32 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307335043     5 Stages of Cancer dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307335064 In situ: early cancer that is present only in the layer of cells in which it began

    Localized: cancer that is limited to the organ in which it began, without evidence of spreading

    Regional: cancer that has spread beyond the original (primary) site to nearby lymph nodes or organs and tissues

    Distant: cancer that has spread from the primary site to distant organs or distant lymph nodes

    Unknown: describes cases for which there is not enough information to indicate a stage ]]>     2018-11-23 21:17:43 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307335064     TR Takeaway dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307335076 2018-11-23 21:17:50 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/307335076 COPD dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311553819 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DIsease (COPD) is a condition that makes it difficult to breathe.

    Two Types:
    Chronic Bronchitis: Chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes with an increase in mucus secreting cells. This mucus obstructs the bronchioles, which makes it difficult to breathe in and out. The person coughs or trys to clear the mucus and becomes short of breath with exertion. Smoking is the most common cause
    Emphysema:     The walls of the alveoli begin to  break down and the lung loses its elasticity. Instead of having many small alveoli, only a few large air sacs remain. 
    Chronic bronchitis is often the cause of this]]>     2018-12-05 19:23:00 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311553819     Causes of COPD dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311554249
  • The primary cause of COPD is smoking- approximately 85-90% of all COPD cases
  • Only a small proportion develop COPD from air allergens such as prolonged exposure to fumes, chemicals, or secondhand smoke
  • In rare cases it can be caused by alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency, which is a gene-related disorder in which low levels of alpha 1 antitrypsin lead to deterioration of the lung
    • ]]>     2018-12-05 19:23:44 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311554249     Secondary Problems of COPD dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311554384
  • Limited work and  physical  availability, household chores, social activities, sleeping and family activities 
  • More prone to respiratory infections, pulmonary hypertension, heart problems, lung cancer, and depression 
  • Poor nutrition, poor muscle strength and endurance, skeletal disease such as decreased bone density, psychosocial issues including anxiety, learned helplessness, loss of internal locus of control, and sensory problems
    • ]]>     2018-12-05 19:23:58 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311554384     Rheumatoid Arthritis dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311554610 RA is a chronic disease that involves inflammation of the lining (synovium) of the joints, causing joint damage, chronic pain, loss of function, and possibly permanent disability.
    Is considered an autoimmune disorder, since the body attacks its own tissues.

    3 Stages of RA:
    1) Swelling of the synovial lining, causing pain, warmth, stiffness, redness, and swelling around the joint 
    2) Rapid division and growth of cells, which causes the synovium to thicken
    3) The inflamed cells release enzymes that may digest bone and cartilage, often causing the involved joint to lose its shape and alignment leading to increased pain and loss of movement ]]>     2018-12-05 19:24:23 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311554610     Possible Causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311555081 The exact cause of RA is still unknown, however, through research three factors have been found.

    Genetic factors: Specific genes may play a role in whether a person develops RA and how severe the disease will become. HOwever, some clients possess these genes and don't develop RA.

    Environmental factors: It is believed that an environmental factor such as a virus, bacterium, or mycobacterium may trigger the disease process. However, the exact agent is unknown.

    Hormones: Deficiencies or changes in certain hormones may promote the development of RA in genetically susceptible clients who have been exposed to an environmental triggering agent. ]]>     2018-12-05 19:25:10 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311555081     Systems Affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311555303
  • Musculoskeletal system is primarily affected, though sensory changes, involvement of other other organs, lower energy levels, and psychological issues may also be present 
  • The wrist and finger joints closest to the hand, as well as neck, shoulders, elows, hips, knees, ankles, and feet 
    • symmetrical pattern (both sides are affected) 
  • Anemia: decrease in normal numbers of red blood cells. May impact the ability to use iron and produce RBC. 
  • Depression: Most people with RA experience depression, anxiety, and/or feelings of hopelessness 
  • Fatigue: May be the first sign of inflammation in the joints and of the most common symptoms of RA 
  • Functional limitations: 40% report very difficult or cannot do at least one of nine important daily functional activities. Severe limitations in abilities to stoop, bend, or kneel, and walk. 
  • Impaired range of motion:  The joints that are most affected are in the hands, wrists, feet, ankles, shoulders and elbows. 
  • Inflammation: Joint inflammation which can done and ends of the bones 
  • Joint deformity: Commonly seen in the fingers, which impacts grip, strength and hand function 
  • Malaise: Feeling of illness associated with nearly all infections, metabolic or systemic diseases
  • Neck pain: RA may cause neck pain and stiffness which may radiate into the arms, causing numbness and weakness in the arms and hands 
  • Rheumatoid nodules: bumps under the skin that often form close to the joints affect 1/4 of people with RA. These may be painful and interfere with daily life, put pressure on nerves, limit movement, or affect organ function 
  • Fever: occasionally
  • Dry eyes and mouth: a less common symptom
    • ]]>     2018-12-05 19:25:32 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311555303     Secondary Problems of Rheumatoid Arthritis dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311555484 Bone loss: women are at an increased risk of bone loss with RA. Medications for RA can cause bone loss

    Cardiopulmonary endurance: decreased involvement in cardiopulmonary conditioning due to the primary symptoms (pain, stiffness, limited ROM), and secondary symptoms (fatigue, depression) often results in this 

    Muscle atrophy: loss of muscle strength due to decreased activity 

    Life tasks: joints become tender and painful after excessive use, impacting one's ability to perform these 

    Psychological changes: depresion, anxiety, and feelings of helplessness 

    Sexual dysfunction: pain, limited ROM, resultant inflammation from activity, limited endurance, and psychological changes can affect desire to perform in sexual activity

    ]]>     2018-12-05 19:25:52 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311555484     Epilepsy & Seizures dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311555575 Epilepsy is a medical condition that affects brain neurons and causes abnormal signals which may be caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters or defects in the connections between neurons in the brain. These abnormal signals cause brief, strong surges of electrical activity that affect the brain which is called a seizure. 
    Seizures can last from a few seconds- a few minutes. Having a seizure does not mean one has epilepsy. Two or more unprovoked seizures is the criteria for epilepsy  ]]>     2018-12-05 19:26:02 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311555575     Focal Seizures vs. Generalized Seizures dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311556079
  • Focal: partial seizures beginning in localized areas of the brain
    • Simple focal- remain conscious but experience unusual feelings or sensations.
    • Complex focal- experience altered consciousness, in which they may experience a dreamlike experience that lasts only a few seconds  
  • Generalized: result of abnormal neuronal activity that occurs in more than one area of the brain 
    • absence- momentary loss of consciousness of just a few seconds usually with no other symptoms. Muscles seem to jerk and twitch and may stare into space 
    • Tonic- cause stiffening of the back, leg, and arm muscles
    • Clonic- repetitive, rhythmic jerks that involve both sides of the body at the same time  
    • Myoclonic- jerks or twitches of the upper body, arms or legs 
    • Atonic- loss or normal muscle tone- falling 
    • Tonic-clonic-

    • ]]>     2018-12-05 19:26:49 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311556079     Status Epilepticus dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311556233 Potentially life threatening condition in which a person either has an abnormally prolonged seizure or does not fully regain consciousness between seizures. Prolonged seizures are 5+ minutes]]> 2018-12-05 19:27:05 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311556233 TR Takeaway dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311556335 2018-12-05 19:27:14 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311556335 Epilepsy Video dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311851838 https://www.ted.com/talks/sitawa_wafula_why_i_speak_up_about_living_with_epilepsy/details?language=en#t-497347]]> 2018-12-06 15:24:43 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/311851838 Fibromyalgia and Juvenile Fibromyalgia definitions dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/314785448 According to U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (2017), fibromyalgia (FM), or abnormal abnormal pain processing, "is a condition that causes pain that is felt all over the body- widespread pain, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and occasionally mental and emotional distress. This condition also causes individuals with FM to be more sensitive to pain."

    According to Porter (2015), juvenile fibromyalgia (JFM), or "diffuse idiopathic pain syndrome (DIPS), or amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome (AMPS) is fibromyalgia (FM) in children. The symptoms of JFM are different from FM since they present differently and can't be measured using adult FM assessment tools. Pain may start in localized areas of the body, then intensify and radiate to other areas. Children with JFM often are reluctant to move due to constant pain and discomfort. This may result in muscle spasms, abnormal posture and gait, and reduced fitness.]]>     2018-12-14 18:57:41 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/314785448     Causes, Signs, Symptoms, and General Information dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/314786006 Causes:
    According to  U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (2017), "the cause of fibromyalgia is unknown- however, it can be treated and managed".
    According to Porter (2015), "the cause of juvenile fibromyalgia is also unknown- however, pediatric chronic pain is commonly thought to be related to illness, injury, psychological distress, genetics, developmental influences, and environmental factors."
    Signs/Symptoms:
    According to Porter (2015), FM has symptoms of: 
    • widespread pain for at least 3 months 
    • pain and tenderness in at least 7 of 19 body areas 
      • tender points the size of a quarter when pressure is applied 
    • sleep disturbances
    • anxiety and depression
    • cognitive problems
    • irritable bowel syndrome
    • other muscle and nerve dysfunctions 
    According to Porter (2015), JFM has symptoms of: 
    • localized pain that radiates to other areas
    • reluctance/avoidance to move
    • discomfort and pain that increases and may become constant 
    • muscle spasms
    • abnormal posture and gait
    • reduced fitness 
    General Information:
    According to Porter (2015), "FM affects approximately 80% of adults, with women being 7x more likely to develop FM than males. The prevalence of JFM has not been determined, however, research has shown approximately 30% of children experience pain that lasts more than 6 months.
    ]]>     2018-12-14 18:59:04 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/314786006     Management techniques/treatments dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/314786276 Treatment 
    According to Porter (2015), it is recommended that when treating FM, " multidisciplinary treatment approaches are recommended to help relieve pain and symptoms, including how to cope. Treatments may include: 
    • pharmacotherapy: antidepressants, muscle relaxants, pain relievers, sleeping aids
    • aerobic exercise 
    • muscle strengthening exercises 
    • education and relaxation therapy 
    • support groups and cognitive behavioral therapy
    • massage 
    • movement therapies
    • chiropractic treatment
    • water therapy
    • deep breathing
    • aromatherapy
    • biofeedback
    • acupressure or acupuncture 
    Treatment interventions for JFM focus on management of symptoms and psychosocial rehabilitation through: 
    • education about anatomy and physiology of JFM to reduce fear 
    • pharmacotherapy
    • psychological therapy
    • habit reversal
    • attention-based therapies 
    • engagement of life activities
    • exercise
    • coping strategies."

    ]]>     2018-12-14 18:59:40 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/314786276     Functional Implications/Secondary Problems dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/314786357 According to Porter (2015), secondary problems of FM "vary greatly depending on the severity of the symptoms, but may include:
    • profound fatigue  
    • sleep disturbances
    • unrelated pain 
    • anxiety and depression
    • "fibro-fog"- cognitive problems such as confusion, lapses in memory, word-finding problems, word/name mix-ups, and difficulty concentrating 
    • irritable bowel syndrome 
    • morning stiffness
    • tingling/numbness in hands and feet
    • migraine and tension headaches 
    • restless leg syndrome 
    • temperature, light, and sound sensitivity 
    • painful menstruation
    In addition, secondary problems of JFM may include: 
    • hypervigilance and hypersensitivity:  heightened awareness of pain and fear of touch 
    • perceived thermodysregulation: limbs may be cool and mottled, or red and hot to touch 
    • autonomic dysfunction: continuous pain signals,  compromised mobility, fatigue, emotional anxiety, cold sweats, hyperventilation, blurred vision, abdominal pain, nausea, dizziness or vertigo and feeling faint 
    • musculoskeletal disequilibrium: holding certain positions that are more comfortable due to pain 
    • fatigue 
    • poor sleep patterns 
    • low moods
    • may impact social life, education, sleep, fitness, independence, moods, appetite, eating, and family."

    ]]>     2018-12-14 18:59:52 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/314786357     Other Information dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/314786501 According to U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (2017), "FM and JFM fall under the arthritis diagnostic family, but is not truly a form of arthritis. 
    In order to improve your quality of life with these conditions, they recommend to get physically active, go to recommended physical activity programs, and joining self-management education classes." 

    TR approaches for treating FM and JFM were discussed in the textbook. Porter (2015), suggests the following TR approaches: 
    • "making lifestyle changes that affect the severity of the symptoms
    • working on finding activities that the client enjoys to promote healthy exercise and active participation in social and community life
    • providing techniques to help the client cope with and manage pain 
    • alleviating relationship and support issues."
    ]]>     2018-12-14 19:00:17 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/314786501     Sources dittloff_kaitlyn https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/314786580 Textbook: 
    Porter, H. R. (2015). Chapter 14: Fibromyalgia and Juvenile Fibromyalgia Recreational therapy for specific diagnoses and conditions (153-159). Enumclaw, WA: Idyll Arbor, Inc.

    Online resources: 
    U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2017, October 11). Fibromyalgia | Arthritis | CDC. Retrieved December 14, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/fibromyalgia.htm

    ]]>     2018-12-14 19:00:30 UTC https://padlet.com/dittloff_kaitlyn/Diagnosticgroups/wish/314786580