types include: revolutionary movements, reform movements, resistance movements, expressive movements

• Frustration theory: frustrated and troubled if involved, use social movements as a diversion and as a way to gain a sense of being noble and good
• Break-down frustration theory: a social breakdown (racial strifle, unemployment, etc) causes a social movement
• Resource mobilization theory: availability of mobilization resources such as leadership, money, etc. cause social movements

• a public is a dispersed collection of people who share a particular interest or concern

Alfred and Elizabeth Lee identified different methods used to sway public opinion. 
1) Name calling
2) Glitternig generality
3) Transfer
4) Testimonial

"A rumor is a communication people use in an effort to comprehend what is going on...where information is lacking." -Tamotsu Shibutani (p. 411)

• fads can be a source of status to some people

EX: gathered together on a corner watching a fire

"a crowd is homogenous in though and action...As a crowd, they possess a collective mind." (p. 408)

-EX: burning theater with a group of people stampeding out in panic

this form is dependent on how the people involved, are defined

Modernization reinforces tradition or vice versa. (Hirschman and Nguyen, 2002) (p.415)

ex: Parents both have to work to create income, that is the initial change but who will care for the children? The compensatory change is creating more day-care places. 

1. Spengler's "Majestic Cycles": Oswald Spengler was the first one to make this cyclical assumption. He compared culture to an organism, which goes through a cycle of life to death. Modern sociologists believed that there was too much poetry and not enough science for his theory.
2. Toynbee's "Challenge" and "Response": Arnold Toynbee also believed that all civilizations rise and fall, however, this rise and fall depends on human beings and the challenges that their environment puts them up to. It also depends on their response to these challenges. 

• does not give us a means of predicting societal change

• Ideational culture: emphasized faith or religions as the key to knowledge and encourages people to value spiritual life
• Sensate culture: stresses empirical evidence or science as the path to knowledge and urges people to favor a more practical way of life
• Sorokin also believed in the principle of immanent change, which is the believe that social change is the produce of forces that exist within that society. 
• Many sociologists believe that Sorokin's theory is to speculative and impossible to test scientifically, but does explain certain changes in history. 

All societies followed uniform, natural laws of evolution. -Hebert Spencer (p. 417)

a group of some sort has to be established first

EX: A society has two classes: the owner's of the means of production (the capitalists) and those who sell their labor (the workers). 
-These classes are in constant conflict with each other. Marx believes that this conflict will lead workers to revolt against their capitalist society into a communist one. 

EX: people in traditional societies tend to define themselves as an integral part of a group and seek happiness from developing close relationships with others.