• Belly cramps or pain.

• Bloating.

• Nausea.

• Vomiting.

• Fever.

• Blood in the stool.

• Mucus in the stool.

• Urgent need to have a bowel movement

Causes

• Viruses

• Bacteria and parasites

• Medicines

• Lactose intolerance.

• Fructose

• Artificial sweeteners

• Surgery

• Other digestive disorders

Prevetiot

• Wash frequently.

• Lather with soap for at least 20 seconds.

• Use hand sanitizer when washing isn't possible

  
  

Indications of dehydration in infants and young children

• Not having a wet diaper in three or more hours.

• Dry mouth and tongue.

• Fever above 102 F (39 C).

• Crying without tears.

• Drowsiness, unresponsiveness or irritability.

• Sunken appearance to the belly, eyes or cheeks

Treatment

Most cases of acute diarrhea clear on their own within a couple of days without treatment

• Antibiotics

• anti-parasitic medicines

Causes:

• Varicela zóster virus

• Not being vaccinated

• Low immunity

Symptoms:

• Rash of small blisters that sting all over the body

• Fever

• Fatigue and general malaise

• Headache

• Loss of appetite

• Chills

• Stomach pain

Risk factors:

• Not having been vaccinated against chickenpox

• Be in close contact with an infected person

• Not having had chickenpox in the past or not having been vaccinated against it

• Living in a community with a high rate of chickenpox cases

• Have a weakened immune system due to an illness or medical treatment

• Abnormal deposits of a protein called amyloid-beta form around brain cells.
  
• These plaques damage and destroy brain cells.
  
• Brain cells require a protein called tau for normal structure and function.
  
• In Alzheimer’s, tau protein threads twist into abnormal tangles within brain cells, leading to cell death.
  

• Early signs include memory loss, repeating questions, and difficulty with new experiences.
  
• As the disease progresses, confusion, behavioral changes, and impaired speech become more pronounced.
  

• Age: Advanced age is a significant risk factor.
  
• Genetics: A family history of Alzheimer’s increases the risk.
  
• APOE ε4: A specific gene variant associated with higher risk.
  
• Head Injuries: Past head trauma may contribute.
  
• Lifestyle Factors: Cardiovascular health, exercise, social engagement, and stress management play a role.
  

• A thorough medical evaluation, including physical and neurological exams, helps diagnose Alzheimer’s.
  
• Tests like CT scans, MRIs, EEGs, and PET scans provide detailed brain information.
  

• Medications (such as donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine) can manage symptoms.
  
• Lifestyle modifications, including a healthy diet, exercise, and social engagement, are crucial
  

• Increased Physical Activity
  
• Blood Pressure Management
  
• Cognitive Trainin
  
• Healthy Lifestyle Choices
  

• Risk of Physical Health Issues
  
• Diminished Emotional Well-Being
  
• Financial Costs and Unpaid Care
  
• Changes in Daily Life
  

Sore throat can be caused by viral infections (like the common cold or flu), bacterial infections (such as strep throat), allergies, environmental irritants, and dry air.

Symptoms

Symptoms of a sore throat can vary depending on the cause. Signs and symptoms might include:

• Pain or a scratchy sensation in the throat

• Pain that worsens with swallowing or talking

• Difficulty swallowing

• Sore, swollen glands in your neck or jaw

• Swollen, red tonsils

• White patches or pus on your tonsils

• A hoarse or muffled voice

Infections causing a sore throat might result in other signs and symptoms, including:

• Fever

• Cough

• Runny nose

• Sneezing

• Body aches

• Headache

• Nausea or vomiting

Risk factors

Risk factors for developing a sore throat include

exposure to viruses or bacteria, smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke, allergies, and dry air.

Prevalence

Sore throat is a common condition worldwide, affecting people of all ages.

Why is it common within this group of people?

Sore throats are common in individuals with weakened immune systems, those exposed to crowded environments (like schools or workplaces), and those who smoke or are exposed to secondhand smoke.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms, medical history, and sometimes throat swabs for bacterial cultures.

Treatment options: Treatment for sore throat depends on the cause. It may include rest, hydration, over-the-counter pain relievers, throat lozenges, and in cases of bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed.

Ways to manage or prevent

Ways to manage or prevent sore throat include practicing good hygiene (like washing hands regularly), avoiding close contact with sick individuals, staying hydrated, and quitting smoking.

How the illness impacts the people's lives and their families?

Sore throat can impact daily activities such as eating, drinking, and talking, and can cause discomfort and inconvenience for individuals and their families. In severe cases or when complications arise, sore throat can lead to missed work or school and require medical attention.

In most cases, it's not clear exactly what causes high blood pressure. But there are things that can increase your risk.

Symtoms

Most people with hypertension don’t feel any symptoms. Very high blood pressures can cause headaches, blurred vision, chest pain and other symptoms, por example:

• severe headaches

• dizziness

• difficulty breathing

• nausea

• vomiting

• anxiety

• confusion

• buzzing in the ears

• nosebleeds

• abnormal heart rhythm

Risk factors

Modifiable risk factors include unhealthy diets (excessive salt consumption, a diet high in saturated fat and trans fats, low intake of fruits and vegetables), physical inactivity, consumption of tobacco and alcohol, and being overweight or obese.

Non-modifiable risk factors include a family history of hypertension, age over 65 years and co-existing diseases such as diabetes or kidney disease.

Prevalence

An estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30–79 years worldwide have hypertension, most (two-thirds) living in low- and middle-income countries.

An estimated 46% of adults with hypertension are unaware that they have the condition.

Why is it common within adults?

because Older age and genetics can increase the risk of having high blood pressure, but modifiable risk factors such as eating high-salt diet, not being physically active and drinking too much alcohol can also increase the risk of hypertension.

Diagnosis

You may be diagnosed with high blood pressure based on your medical history and if your blood pressure readings are consistently at high levels. You may also need more tests to look for medical conditions that could cause high blood pressure or to see if high blood pressure has affected your kidneys.

Treatment options

-Lifestyle changes can help lower high blood pressure. These include:

• eating a healthy, low-salt diet

• losing weight

• being physically active

• quitting tobacco.

-There are several common blood pressure medicines: 

• ACE inhibitors including enalapril and lisinopril relax blood vessels and prevent kidney damage.

• Angiotensin-2 receptor blockers (ARBs) including losartan and telmisartan relax blood vessels and prevent kidney damage.

• Calcium channel blockers including amlodipine and felodipine relax blood vessels.

• Diuretics including hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone eliminate extra water from the body, lowering blood pressure.

Ways to manage or prevent

Lifestyle changes can help lower high blood pressure and can help anyone with hypertension. Many who make these changes will still need to take medicine. 

These lifestyle changes can help prevent and lower high blood pressure. 

Do:

• Eat more vegetables and fruits.

• Sit less.

• Be more physically active, which can include walking, running, swimming, dancing or activities that build strength, like lifting weights.

  • Get at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes per week of vigorous aerobic activity.

  • Do strength building exercises 2 or more days each week.

• Lose weight if you’re overweight or obese.

• Take medicines as prescribed by your health care professional.

• Keep appointments with your health care professional.

Don’t:

• eat too much salty food (try to stay under 2 grams per day)

• eat foods high in saturated or trans fats

• smoke or use tobacco

• drink too much alcohol (1 drink daily max for women, 2 for men)

• miss or share medication.

How the illnes impacts the people´s lives and their families?

1. Health complications: Hypertension can cause heart disease, strokes, kidney disease, and vision problems.

2. Financial burden: The medical costs associated with treating hypertension can be significant, impacting both the individual and their family financially.

3. Emotional impact: Hypertension can cause stress, anxiety, and depression for both the individual and their family.

4. Lifestyle changes: Managing hypertension often requires significant changes in diet, exercise, and other lifestyle habits.

5. Limitations in daily activities: Hypertension can limit the individual's ability to participate in certain activities, requiring assistance from family members.

6. Family dynamics: The presence of hypertension can alter family dynamics and affect relationships between family members.

Karla Izquierdo

Causes

COPD isn’t usually hereditary; it’s caused by exposure to pollutants like cigarette smoke. But some people do inherit a protein deficiency that increases their risk of COPD.Emphysema is damage to the air sacs in the lungs. Chronic bronchitis is swelling and extra mucus in the airways

Symptoms

• Chronic cough

• Wheezing

• Dyspnea

• Frequent respiratory infections

• Cardiovascular disease

Risk- factors

• chemical fumes

• dust

• air pollution

• The chemicals in cigarettes and other types of tobacco smoke irritate and damage the lungs.

Prevalene in patients

Seventy people were diagnosed with COPD (24 already known), giving a prevalence of 16.4% (95% confidence interval 12.9-19.9).

Diagostic

Spirometry test

Some of the key sounds of COPD include:

• crackling (or clicking) when inhaling

• rhonchi, a low-pitched wheezing sound

• wheezing

• whooping or a high-pitched gasping for air

Treatment

While there’s no known cure for COPD, certain treatments can help to relieve your symptoms and slow its progress.

COPD treatments include:

• medication

• oxygen therapy

• pulmonary rehabilitation

• healthy lifestyle changes

Prevention

The single best way to prevent COPD is to stop smoking. For some smokers, it can take 30 attempts to finally ditch the habit.

Cigarettes aren’t the only risks for COPD. Also try to avoid irritants in the air, like pollution and chemical fumes. If your job involves breathing in these irritants, ask your manager about wearing a mask or other protective gear.

Impact in patient and families

Depending on your FEV1 score, you receive one of the following stages or GOLD grades:

GOLD 1: FEV1 of 80% of predicted value.

GOLD 2: FEV1 50 to 79% of predicted value

GOLD 3: FEV1 30 to 49% of predicted value

GOLD 4: FEV1 less than 30% GOLD 4: FEV1 less than 30% of predicted value

Life expectancy:

Stage 1: 0.3 years

Stage 2: 2.2 years

Stage 3 or 4: 5.8 years

For ex-smokers, the decrease in life expectancy is as follows:

Stage 2: 1.4 years

Stage 3 or 4: 5.6 years

For never smokers, the decrease in life expectancy is as follows:

Stage 2: 0.7 years

Stage 3 or 4: 1.3 years

For ex-smokers and never smokers, the difference in life expectancy for people in stage 0 and stage 1 was statistically insignificant.

According to the degree of the disease, it has an impact on the psychology of both the patient and the attending family members.

Karla Izquierdo

Karla Izquierdo

They may incluide:

1. Fever

2. Poor appetite

3. vomiting

4. Diarrhea

5. irritability

6. overal feeling of illness

karla Izquierdo

• Healthy eating.
• Regular exercise.
• Weight loss.
• Possibly, diabetes medication or insulin therapy.
• Blood sugar monitoring.

Felicita

Urine culture. This laboratory test usually takes 24 to 48 hours. The sample is analyzed to identify the type of bacteria causing the UTI, how much of it exists, and appropriate antibiotic treatment.

Karla Izquierdi

The most common antibiotics used for treatment of UTIs in children are:

• amoxicillin

• amoxicillin and clavulanic acid

• cephalosporins

• doxycycline, but only in children over age 8

• nitrofurantoin

• sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim

Karla Izquierdo

1. Avoid tight-fitting clothing and underwear for your child, especially girls.

2. Ensure that your child drinks enough fluids.

3. Avoid allowing your child to have caffeine, which can cause bladder irritation.

4. Change diapers frequently in younger children.

5. Teach older children proper hygiene for maintaining a clean genital area.

6. Encourage your child to use the bathroom frequently rather than holding in urine.

7. Teach your child safe wiping techniques, especially after bowel movements. Wiping from front to back reduces the likelihood that bacteria from the anus will get transferred into the urethra.

Karla Izquierdo

Felicita

• an ear infection (also called a middle ear infection)
• fluid in the ear
• swimmer’s ear
• ear wax that is stuck
• an object that was put in the ear and gets stuck
• an injury to the ear canal
• a tooth problem, like a cavity or teething
• a sore throat

• Ear pain, especially when lying down.
• Tugging or pulling at an ear.
• Trouble sleeping.
• Crying more than usual.
• Fussiness.
• Trouble hearing or responding to sounds.
• Loss of balance.
• Fever of 100 F (38 C) or higher.

• Age. Children between the ages of 6 months and 2 years are more susceptible to ear infections because of the size and shape of their eustachian tubes and because their immune systems are still developing.
• Group child care. Children cared for in group settings are more likely to get colds and ear infections than are children who stay home

tachypnea. As a rough estimate, the heart rate may increase by 10 beats/min for each 0.55°C- (1°F-) rise in temperature.

headache pain

headache

crying eyes

flu

cough

dehydration

Felicita

Prevalence:

• Chickenpox is a common disease in childhood, although it can also affect adults who have not previously been exposed to the virus.

Diagnosis:

• The diagnosis of chickenpox is usually based on the presence of the characteristic symptoms of the disease and the appearance of the skin lesions.

Treatment:

• There is no specific treatment for chickenpox, but antiviral medications may be prescribed to reduce the severity of symptoms and prevent complications.

Prevention:

• Vaccination is the best way to prevent chickenpox. Vaccination in childhood is recommended to protect children against the disease.

Impact on the lives of people and their families:

• Families may experience complications when caring for children affected by the disease, especially if they have other work or family commitments.

Girls are more susceptible because their urethras are shorter and closer to the anus, uncircumecised boys under 1 year old also have a slightly higher risk of UTIs.

The following factors can put your child at a higher risk for a UTI:

• A structural deformity or blockage in one of the organs of the urinary tract

• Abnormal function of the urinary tract

• Vesicoureteral reflux, a birth defect that results in the abnormal backward flow of urine

• The use of bubbles in baths (for girls)

• Tight-fitting clothes (for girls)

• Wiping from back to front after a bowel movement

• Poor toilet and hygiene habits

• Infrequent urination or delaying urination for long periods of time

Frequency of UTIs in children

By the age of 6 years, 3-7% of girls and 1-2% of boys have had a urinary tract infection. The age peak of urinary tract infection is bimodal, with one peak in infancy and the other between 2 and 4 years (at the time of sphincter control training for many children)

How does the disease affect the lives of children and their families?

If the kidney is repeatedly infected and reflux is severe, 5-20% of children develop nephrosclerosis. If there is little or no reflux, few children will develop nephrosclerosis.

Family members should be alert to the signs and symptoms of their children and take great care of their development to avoid serious problems.

Karla Izquierdo

https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-children#complications

Causes:

• Causes of heart attack may include accumulation of plaque in the coronary arteries, blood clots, and arterial spasms.

Symptoms:

• Common symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, sweating, and unusual weakness.

Risk factors:

• Risk factors include obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking, and lack of physical activity.

• Heart attack prevalence is higher in older adults, especially in those with risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or obesity. This group is more prone to heart attacks due to the aging process and accumulation of risk factors over time.

Diagnosis:

• Diagnosis is done through tests such as an electrocardiogram, blood tests, and imaging tests.

Treatment:

• Treatment options may include medication, procedures to open blocked arteries, or coronary bypass surgery.

Ways to manage or prevent:

• Managing and preventing a heart attack may include maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, a balanced diet, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption.

Impact on the individual and their family:

• A heart attack can have a significant impact on the individual's life, from lifestyle changes to emotional and financial issues.

• Families may also be affected by the worry and stress related to the affected loved one's health.

temperatures

humidity

wind

air pollution

infection due to food ingestion.

Felicita

FEVER