-Universality: group members feel similar and understood rather than isolated

-Information giving: Group members learn more information about their shared illness

-Altruism: group members have a chance to help and support others increasing their self worth

-corrective recapitulation of the primary family: group relationships can resemble and improve upon the group member's experiences with their family of origin

-Improved social skills: group members offer and receive feedback on the appropriateness of each others behavior leading to improved relationships in and out of the group

-imitative behavior: group members experience appropriate behaviors and skills as modeled by the therapist

-Interpersonal learning: group members are given opportunities to improve their ability to relate and connect to others

-Group cohesiveness: group members can feel truly accepted and valued within the group leading to a sense of belonging

-catharsis: group members may be lead to a felling of catharsis- a powerful emotional experience that includes the release of either conscious or unconscious feelings followed by a feeling of great relief

-Existential factors: group members are allowed to explore their feelings surrounding unavoidable existential factors such as death, isolation, freedom and meaninglessness after the foundation of trust and openness is established within the group helping the to accept difficult realities.

Task groups, also known as task facilitation groups, focus on the application of group dynamics principles and processes to improve practice and foster accomplishment of identified work goals.

Psychoeducation groups focus on developing member's cognitive, affective, and behavioral skills through a structured set of procedures within and across group meetings. Structured groups focus on a particular theme and are often psychoeducational in nature. 

Counseling groups focus on interpersonal process and problem-solving strategies that stress conscious thoughts, feelings, and behavior. 

Psychotherapy groups have the purpose of assisting members remediate psychological problems. 

Brief group therapy (BGT) generally refers to groups that are time limited, structured and last 2 to 3 months, and consist of 8 to 12 weekly meetings.

Support Groups: a group of people with common experiences and concerns who provide emotional and moral support for one another

Part of the issue is it can be hard to motivate people to access help but it can also be very hard to access help even when motivated.

Trauma can come from so many sources and be seen so differently by different people. Personally, I see some sexist aspects to the ACEs.

Chronic trauma and complex trauma have some key differences, but can be similar in presentation. My theory is that vicarious and organizational trauma often go hand in hand.

Children are more susceptible to trauma overall because they are more vulnerable. Therapists should always be trauma and grief-informed.

• Covenant House Hotline: 800-999-9999 • National Youth Crisis Hotline: 800-442-HOPE

• ChildHelp USA National Child Abuse Hotline: 800-4-A-CHILD (voice) / 800-2-A-CHILD (TDD)

• National Child Abuse Hotline: 800-25-ABUSE Domestic Violence Hotlines

• National Domestic Violence/Child Abuse/Sexual Abuse Hotline: 800-799-SAFE (voice) / 800-787- 3224 (TDD) / 800-942-6908 (Spanish speaking)

• Domestic Violence Hotline: 800-829-1122 Substance Abuse/Alcoholism Hotlines •Al-ateen: 800-352-9996

• National Cocaine Hotline: 800-COCAINE • National Drug Information Treatment and Referral Hotline: 800-662-HELP Poison Control Hotline

• Poison Control: 800-362-9922 Rape Hotline

• National Rape Crisis Hotline: 800-656-4673 Suicide Prevention Hotlines

• National Suicide Hotline: 800-SUICIDE (voice) / 800-799-4TTY (TDD)

• National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: 800-273-TALK / 888-628-9454 (Spanish speaking)

Cherry, Kendra. (2023, June 23). How to lead: 6 leadership styles and frameworks. https://www.verywellmind.com/leadership-styles-2795312

Corey, M.S., Corey, G., & Corey, C. (2010).Groups: Process and practice, 8thed.

U.S. Department of Justice. (n.d.). The vicarious trauma toolkit. Office for Victims of Crime. https://ovc.ojp.gov/program/vtt/what-is-vicarious-trauma.

Yalom Irvin D. (1995).The theory and practice of group psychotherapy(4th ed.).New York: Basic Books.