Chemistry 2.5 by Holly Jones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s Made with eyes on the prize en-us 2019-01-30 12:12:16 UTC 2025-12-02 05:25:21 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Soccerball.png Mechanism 1: Radical Substitution hol_cjones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795095 Halogenation
Example - Photochlorination of Chlorine
Stage 1: Initiation - Start the mechanism by making radicals
Stage 2: Propahation- Continue the mechanism 
In general: Radical + Molecule —> New molecule + New Radical
Stage 3: Termination - Remove radicals and stop]]> 2019-01-30 12:12:22 UTC https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795095 Saturated Hydrocarbons hol_cjones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795096 A compound of hydrogen and carbon containing no C to C multiple bonds.]]> 2019-01-30 12:12:22 UTC https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795096 Carbocations hol_cjones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795097 Order of Stability 
Most: Tertairy carbocation
            Secondary carbocation
Least: Primary carbocation]]> 2019-01-30 12:12:22 UTC https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795097 Addition Polymerisation hol_cjones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795098 Double bonds are used to join monomers and only one product forms]]> 2019-01-30 12:12:22 UTC https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795098 Hydrogenation hol_cjones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795099 Catalytic Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation of Ethane
Reagent : Hydrogen
Catalyst: Nickel (Ni)
Conditions: 140 degrees Celsius temperature
C2H4 + H2 —> C2H6
Heterogeneous catalyst: Catalyst and reactants are in different states
Uses - Liquid vegetable oils (polyunsaturates- has multiple bonds) can be made saturated by adding hydrogen. This hardens the oil to make margarine.

]]> 2019-01-30 12:12:22 UTC https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795099 Unsaturated Hydrocarbon hol_cjones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795100 A compound of hydrogen and carbon containing C to C multiple bonds]]> 2019-01-30 12:12:22 UTC https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795100 Addition of HBr to Propene hol_cjones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795101 2019-01-30 12:12:22 UTC https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795101 Carbocation hol_cjones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795102 A positively charge carbon-containing ion.]]> 2019-01-30 12:12:22 UTC https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795102 Test For Alkenes hol_cjones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795103 Reagent: Bromine Water
Observation: Colour change from orange/yellow to colourless
OR
Reagent: Acidified potassium manganate (VII)
Observation: Colour change from purple to colourless]]> 2019-01-30 12:12:22 UTC https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795103 Mechanism 2: Electrophilic Addition hol_cjones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795104 2019-01-30 12:12:22 UTC https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795104 Bonding in Alkanes hol_cjones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795105 2019-01-30 12:12:22 UTC https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795105 Benefits and Drawbacks of using fossil fules hol_cjones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795107 Benefits
  • More reliable- eco friendly methods, eg. wind, solar, aren't alwas available
  • Produce lots of energy
  • Provides jobs- in power plants and extracting fuel 
  • Many forms of fossil fuels- can be used for different things
Drawbacks
  • Non-renewable- will run out eventually
  • When burnt, they release CO (carbon monoxide) which is toxic to humans
  • Release CO2 (carbon dioxide) which has a negative impact on global warming.
  • Disrupts the natural environment to access fuels
  • Expensive to get materials and transfer them into energy - powerplants
  • Can create acid rain which can damage buildings
]]> 2019-01-30 12:12:23 UTC https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795107 Complete/Incomplete combustion hol_cjones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795108
  • If there is enough oxygen we get complete combustion with carbon dioxide and water as products
  • If there is insufficient oxygen, incomplete combustion occurs and carbon monoxide is made.
    • ]]>     2019-01-30 12:12:23 UTC https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795108     Bonding in Alkenes hol_cjones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795109 2019-01-30 12:12:23 UTC https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795109 Alkene Reactivity hol_cjones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795110 Alkenes are much more reactive than alkanes due to the C=C bond in the alkenes being a region of high electron density]]> 2019-01-30 12:12:23 UTC https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795110 E-Z Isomerism hol_cjones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795111 Occurs in alkenes and substituted alkenes due to restricted rotation around the C=C double bond

    Identifying E or Z
    Look at the atoms/groups at earthier end of the double bond
    Rank the atoms/groups, taking. The atoms with higher atomic numbers as the most important
    Define the isomer as either
    Z isomer - higher priority atoms/groups are on the same side of the double bond
    E isomer - Higher priority atoms/ groups are on opposite sides of the double bond.]]>     2019-01-30 12:12:23 UTC https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795111     Polymers hol_cjones https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795112
  • Example- Plastics
  • A very large molecule made up of many repeating units or blocks
  • We make polymers by joining up (polymerisation) hundreds or thousands of small reactive molecules called monomers.
    • Ethene  —> polyethene (polythene) 
    Conditions : 2000atm, 200 degrees Celsius, trace of oxygen
    ]]>     2019-01-30 12:12:23 UTC https://padlet.com/hol_cjones/zquys1x34w9s/wish/325795112