No single states dominates

Distributes military and political power

Encourages alliances and negotiations

Ideology emphasizing interests, culture, and sovereignty of the nation-state

Right to self-determination and independent governance

Can foster unity/cooperation or rivalry/conflict

Security of each state is a concern for all

Aggression against one = aggression against all

States act together regionally/globally

Diplomatic term meaning “relaxation” → easing strained relations through dialogue

First used around 1912 (France–Germany tension reduction)

Most associated with Cold War: U.S. & USSR easing hostilities, reducing nuclear risk

Exempts foreign officials from local jurisdiction

Ensures diplomats can perform duties freely and safely

Political principle for cooperation & diplomacy

Nations with opposing ideologies coexist without war

Emphasizes negotiation, mutual respect, non-aggression

Prohibition on states interfering in another’s internal or external affairs

Rooted in sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence

Forbids coercion (military, political, or economic) in another state’s decisions

Core instrument of diplomacy

Peaceful method for settling disputes between states

Constructive dialogue to resolve differences & satisfy multiple interests

Tool for building international consensus (security, war, peace, cooperation)