• Waves result from vibrations or oscillations, transferring energy, and they stay as longitudinal or transverse waves.

• In longitudinal waves, oscillations parallel energy transfer. Demonstrated with a slinky, moving it left to right shows energy moving in the same direction.

• Transverse waves, like water and light, have oscillations perpendicular to energy transfer.

• Wave diagrams display features like peaks and troughs. An oscilloscope can visualize longitudinal waves.

• Wavelength is the length of one complete wave, measured in meters. It can be measured between peaks, troughs, or starting points of the wave.

•Amplitude is the distance from the midpoint to the peak or trough, not the wave’s total height. It can be measured in directions.

• Frequency, measured in hertz, indicates how many complete waves pass a point per second. A wave’s frequency matches with the number of waves observed in a given times.