Pediatrics by Khuyen Nguyen

Meningitis

tt209vn — 2017-11-11 16:31:21 UTC

-Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain.

-Can be caused by either virus or bacteria. Virus-caused inflammation is less severe.
-Symptoms: high fever, headaches, vomiting, a lower level of consciousness and a stiff neck.
-Diagnosis: CRP, basic blood count, cerebrospinal fluid sample.
-Treatment: antibiotics are given together with a proper fluid therapy.
Complications: permanent disabilities and permanent hearing loss.

Sepsis

tt209vn — 2017-11-11 16:32:09 UTC

-Inflammation of the blood circulation.
-Symptoms: hypothermia, heat stress, tachycardia, tachypnea, leukocytosis or leukopenia.
-Children are normally quiet, sensitive to touch and clearly ill. The limbs feel cool and the capillary refill is over four second. The heart rate is rapid and the blood pressure is low.
-Diagnosis: CRP, white blood cell count, thoracic radiography.
-Treatment: red blood cell transfusions in case of low haemoglobin level. Small-molecule heparin is used to prevent DVT. Dialysis might be used if micturition stops.
-Neonatal sepis: life-threatening and rapidly progressing disease which often causes non-specific symptoms.

Pneumonia

tt209vn — 2017-11-11 17:31:08 UTC

-Lung inflammation
-Symptoms: fever, coughing, laboured breathing. chest pain, abdominal pain.
-Diagnosis: lung auscultation, chest radio graph, oxygen saturation, CRP if needed.
-Treatment: Antibiotics

Upper respiratory tract infections

tt209vn — 2017-11-14 17:04:59 UTC

-Tonsillitis
-Laryngitis: barking cough and difficulties with inhalation. Moist, cool air often eases the symptoms at home.
-Epiglottitis: high fever and difficult breathing. Treatment is intubation, antibiotics.
-Otitis media: most occurs in children between 6-24 months.
-Sinusitis: symptoms often include rhinitis, coughing and fever. Most sinusitis cases heal on their own

Asthma

tt209vn — 2017-11-14 17:30:20 UTC

-Symptoms: wheezy exhalation, difficulties with exhaling, prolonged coughing and reduced physical capacity.
-Diagnosis:
*<3 years: based on dyspnoea symptoms, normally 3-4 episodes of dyspnea a year.
*>3 years: based on respiratory symptoms. Pulmonary function tests: PEF and spirometry.
-Treatment: inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonist medication.
-Avoid contact with cigarette and animals.

Allergies

tt209vn — 2017-11-16 17:39:23 UTC

-Atopic dermatitis: dry and itchy dermatitis
-allergic rhinitis: nasal discharge, a clogged and itchy nose, and sneezing, itchy eyes, stinging, redness of the eyes
-Anaphylaxis: most serious hypersensitive reaction. Symptoms: ermatitis spread over a wide area, redness and itchiness of skin and swelling of mucosal membranes. Additionally, dypnea and low blood pressure.
-Food allergy: intolerances which develop via an allergic mechanism, and intolerances which develop via other mechanisms. Most common ones are lactose intolerance and coeliac disease. General symptoms include extensive dermatitis, a worsening of atopic dermatitis, asthma and allergic rhinitis. Severe conditions can lead to anaphylaxis.

Epilepsia

tt209vn — 2017-11-16 17:57:02 UTC

-Temporary disturbance in brain function
-Symptoms:
*Consciousness disorders
*Involuntary rhythmic tics, stiffening and muscle hypotonia.
*Automatisms
* inability to speak
*Developmental delays and/or speech degeneration.
-50 % of epilepsies in preschoolers and school-age children are self-limited which can heal on their owns.
-Epileptic encephalopathies slow down a child´s development.
-Diagnosis: necessary anamnesis, symptoms observation, EEG and head MRI.
-Therapy: pharmacotherapy