Studying the Autonomous Nervous System and its application in Pharmacology by Rafael Valdivia Cedeno https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f en-us 2023-02-17 06:40:31 UTC 2023-02-18 04:54:19 UTC hello@padlet.com Divisions and associated names rafaelvaldiviacedeno https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486007026 The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is composed of 12 pair of Cranial Nerves and 31 pairs of Spinal Nerves, it can be subdivided in 2 categories:

*.-) Somatic Division: Cranial and Spinal Nerves that innervates skeletal muscle (Consciuos Control)

*.-) Visceral Division (Autonomic Nervous System [ANS]): Cranial and Spinal Nerves that innervates cardiac and smooth muscle of the internal organs and glands (Not Conscious Control, generally speaking)]]> 2023-02-17 06:56:09 UTC https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486007026 ANS Subdivisions, Neurotrasnmitters rafaelvaldiviacedeno https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486056183 The majority of organs are innervetated by each subdivision of the ANS, their actions are carried out thanks to different neurotransmitters (NT):

*.-) Sympathetic Nervous System (Thoracolumbar Division): Thoracic and Lumbar Spinal Nerves from T1 to L3. NT: Acetylcholine (ACH), Dopamine (DA), Epinephrine (EPI), and Noreepinephrine (NE)

*.-) Parasympathetic nervous System (Craniosacral Division): Cranial Nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10 and Sacral Nerves from S2 to S4. NT: ACH]]> 2023-02-17 08:02:09 UTC https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486056183 Receptors: Localization and Clasification rafaelvaldiviacedeno https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486089915 Neurons of the ANS that emerge from the Central Nervous System (CNS) form the preganglionic nerve fiber. The ones that travel from the ganglion to the internal organ form the postganglionic nerve fiber. The autonomic ganglion is the collection of synapses between the preganglionic and postganglionic nerve fibers...

-> Parasympathetic Receptors (Cholinergic Receptors): stimulated by ACH, distributed as follow:

.-) Nicotinic 1 (Nn) found at ganglion
.-) Muscarinic fpresent at effector organ (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, blood vessels, gastrointestinal organs, and glands)

]]> 2023-02-17 08:45:34 UTC https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486089915 Receptors, Localization, and Calsifications (Cont.) rafaelvaldiviacedeno https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486107345 -> Sympathetic Receptors (Adrenergic Receptors): stimulated by EPI and NE:

.-) Alpha-1 (α1): Found at smooth muscle membranes of arteries, veins, and sphincters of the urinary and gastrointestinal tract. When stimulated they produce contraction (e.g., vasoconstriction of most blood vessels)

.-) Alpha-2 (α2): located on adrenergic nerve endings, when stimulated activate a negative feedback mechanism that reduces and regulates the release of additional NE]]> 2023-02-17 09:08:43 UTC https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486107345 Receptors, Localization, and Calsifications (Cont.) rafaelvaldiviacedeno https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486154874 Beta adrenergic receptors are found on both cardiac and some smooth muscle membranes.

.-) Beta-1 (β1): is the predominant Beta adrenergic receptor in the heart, stimulated by EPI and NE increase heart rate and force of contraction (chronotropic and ionotropic effet respectively)

.-) Beta-2 (β2): predominat in the smooth muscle of coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels and bronchiolar smooth muscle. Stimulated just by EPI produce vasodilation and bronchodilation]]> 2023-02-17 10:08:09 UTC https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486154874 Some drugs that act upon ANS: Classification rafaelvaldiviacedeno https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486162987 *.-) Sympathomimetics Drugs of the ANS (Adrenergics, Agonits):
-> Alpha-1:
  • ephedrine
  • phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine ®)
-> Alpha: epinephrine (Adrenalin ®)
-> Beta-1: dobutamine
-> Beta-2:
  • formoterol (Foradil ®)
  • albuterol (Proventil ®, Ventolin ®)
  • terbutaline (Brethine ®)
]]> 2023-02-17 10:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486162987 rafaelvaldiviacedeno https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486553875 2023-02-17 16:48:41 UTC https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486553875 Some drugs that act upon ANS: Classification (Cont.) rafaelvaldiviacedeno https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486830592 *.-) Beta Adrenergic Blockers:

-> Nonselective (block both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors):
  • nadolol (Corgard ®)
  • propranolol (Inderal ®)
  • timolol (Blocadren ®)

-> Slective Beta-1 blockers:
  • atenolol (Tenormin ®)
  • metoprolol (Lopressor ®)

]]> 2023-02-17 22:48:14 UTC https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486830592 Some drugs that act upon ANS (Cont.) rafaelvaldiviacedeno https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486831702 *.-) Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonist:
  • acetylcholine
  • pilocarpine (Pilocar®)
  • bethanechol (Urecholine®)
 
*.-) Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents:
  • neostigmine (Prostigmin®)
 
*.-) Anticholinergics:
  • atropine
  • dicyclomine (Bentyl®)
]]> 2023-02-17 22:51:22 UTC https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486831702 Sources: rafaelvaldiviacedeno https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486841284
  • Pharmacology for Health Professionals. Hitner Fifth Especial Edition
  • ANS Lecture from Proffesor Matthews Belzer, A & P II, ACC Eastview Campus
  • 2013 Pearson Education Inc.
    • ]]>     2023-02-17 23:17:46 UTC https://padlet.com/rafaelvaldiviacedeno/zq1uwcsso0apc29f/wish/2486841284