Development Studies I by Binh Nguyen https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1 Revision of important approaches and concepts en-us 2020-04-13 09:50:14 UTC 2020-04-22 11:50:54 UTC hello@padlet.com Capitalism binh1 https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/504644897 (example)
- An ideology and systematic way to organize the economy with emphasis on private ownership and private wealth accumulation. Goods and services produced are exchange on market mechanism.

- A social system - where two classes exists - owner of capital and owner of labours
(Binh)]]> 2020-04-13 14:44:08 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/504644897 Modernization Theory binh1 https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/506497502 (example) 
A society can develop by bypassing 'traditional' and backward conditions to reach a more 'developed' state, often through adopting Western ideas and culture, advance technology, etc. 
(see for example, Max Weber's works). 
In economics, the idea is illustrated by Rostow's 5-stage of development, in which the society moves from traditional, backward state to industrialized economy with high-mass consumption society.
(Binh)]]> 2020-04-14 14:23:32 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/506497502 Pro-poor tourism https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/509082089 Pro-poor tourism is a concept that explains how Tourism can work as a tool to acheive pro-poor growth. The economic benefits of tourism should in the case of pro-poor tourism the economic benefits that is produced much befall the poorest in society.Tourism should not only aim to create  GDP-growth but to greater economic equality and poverty alleviaiton.  

Andreas]]> 2020-04-15 17:41:44 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/509082089 Sex and gender https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510150445 Sex refer to the biological differences between male and female
Gender refer to the sociocultural phenomenon of diving people into categories of male and female which each having associate clothing, roles, stereotypes, etc      psychological aspect of being male or female. In other words, gender is a term referring to the roles, responsibilities and rights that society determines for men and women from a social perspective. 

Khanh Lynn

]]> 2020-04-16 08:29:45 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510150445 Social Vulnerability https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510165823 Vulnerability is to be susceptible to physical or emotional harm, the likeliness of one being exposed to damage. Social Vulnerability in the context of natural disasters is what makes natural disasters unequal. It’s the unequal distribution of opportunities and hazards based on social classes and processes institutions and culture. Meaning natural disasters affect humans in the same way but some usually “the rich” have more protection against them in dealing with and recovering from natural disasters. And the “poor” have been put into the position they are facing the circumstances by the governments or society needing to put themselves in danger for survival. 

Merilyn ]]> 2020-04-16 08:37:57 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510165823 Human Development https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510194300 Human development in a sustainable way means develop human in many aspects, both natural and social; to develop the people not only within a certain time but throughout their life, not just one generation but multiple generations. Putting human development in such a continuum between generations means that not only one generation must be taken care of but both current and future generations and that emphasizes the indispensability of sustainable human development. Economic growth suggested to be linked with social development and progress. For sustainable human development, the quality of human life for people to have freedom of choices which they are able make their own choices and be able to lives with equality opportunity. It is important to create the foundation of society in which people have the ability and condition to lives up to their values. 

Khanh Lynn]]> 2020-04-16 08:52:42 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510194300 Equity/Equality https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510213050 Equity represents the recognized difference and efforts are made to combat the way that opportunities for individuals are not equal. On the contrary, equality recognizes the same and so it aims to treat all people equally. Equity expresses everyone can have access to what they need. Equality, on the contrary, everyone gets the same thing, ie rights, resources and opportunities.

Equity is a situation in which everyone in a particular society or group has status, similar legal status in certain respects, often including civil rights. For example freedom of speech, ownership and equal access to social goods and services. However, it also includes the concepts of health equity, economic equality and other social safeguards. It also includes equal opportunities and obligations, and thus involves the whole society. For example, gender, race, age, inclination, origin, caste or class, income or assets, language, religion, beliefs, opinion, health or disability should not be taken unfair treatment in laws and should not reduce the opportunity unreasonably.

Khanh Lynn

]]> 2020-04-16 09:02:23 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510213050 Neo-liberalism https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510501098 Neo-liberalism was about having a larger element of the market economy and a weaker state. Neoliberalism wanted to weaken the state’s role because they believed that the state government led to poor use of money. The solution to neoliberalism was the privatization of state-owned enterprises, tax relief and removed all regulations that prevented the free market. Neoliberalists further believe that capitalism gives high returns to companies and investors, and that the return will “trickle down” on the middle class and poor, because it will create jobs and reduce poverty. 

Madeleine]]> 2020-04-16 12:01:25 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510501098 Civil Society https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510552372 The third sector of society next to government and business, consisting of non-governmental organisations or groups interested in representing citizens.  

Merilyn]]> 2020-04-16 12:32:35 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510552372 Absolute poverty - Relative poverty https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510575975 Absolute poverty: When the person's income is below a certain level (1,90 US dollar), which makes it impossible to meet their basic needs, such as food, safe drinking water, shelter, healthcare, education, etc. 

Relative poverty: When a person's income is 50% lower than the income that the majority of the population in the country have. The people who falls under relative poor, just have enough money to afford the basics. They can not enjoy the same standard of life as everyone else in the country. Each country sets its own national poverty line.
 
Madeleine 

]]> 2020-04-16 12:45:10 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510575975 WID https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510598634 The WID (Women in Development) approach accepts that women often are negatively affected by development outcomes in the developing world. They argue that in order for women to deal with their situation, they should attempt to involve themselves more thoroughly in development by attaining access to education, to the jobs market and material resources. Their focus is the exclusion of women from the development process. They believe the solution is integrating women into existing development process. 

Johanne ]]> 2020-04-16 12:55:11 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510598634 GAD https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510614653 This approach originates from the critique of WID and WAD. The GAD (Gender and Development) approach argue that one should not focus solely on the women. it focuses on how development reshapes the power relations, such as economic, social and political structures. Their focus is on unequal socially constructed gender roles and how they are maintained. Their solution is to empower disadvantaged women and transform unequal relations. 

Johanne ]]> 2020-04-16 13:02:56 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510614653 Micro-finance https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510632651 Micro-finance is an approach that allows people in developing countries, who would be unlikely to receive traditional bank loans, to take on small loans. The loans are often small, but provide targeted financial assistance to those in need of development. This way the recipients are provided directly with funding, rather than having to rely on various development agencies. The funding often comes from NGO´s or the private sector, but some come from the state also. 

- The approach had received several critics for being too neo-libereal and too concerned of profit. 

Johanne]]> 2020-04-16 13:11:25 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510632651 Livelihoods https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510884754 Livelihoods are understood as the means, activities and resources people have to make a living; it focuses on people’s strengths, knowledge, and capacities, as well as identifying their needs and threats to their asset base.

Ann]]> 2020-04-16 14:52:26 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510884754 Mitigation and adaptation https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510903567 Mitigation is about reducing climate change and the flow of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The goal is to avoid significant human interference with the climate system and to stabilize greenhouse gas levels so ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change.

Adaptation is adapting to a life in a changing climate and involves adjusting to a present or future climate. The goal is to reduce our vulnerability to harmful impacts of climate change.

Ann
]]> 2020-04-16 14:59:49 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/510903567 Natural hazards & disasters https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/511531462 Natural Hazards are major natural events that cannot be prevented and are a danger to humans and environment but doesn’t cause any harm to human lives or livelihoods. 

Natural disasters are natural hazards that disrupt and damage humans. 

But its important to keep in mind that natural hazards can be cause by human exploitation of nature. 

Merilyn
]]> 2020-04-16 19:44:19 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/511531462 Urbanization https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/514872505 Urbanization is a process where the population, markets and services are moved from rural to urban areas. Statistically, urbanization is described as the proportion of the population living in cities and towns. Over the years there have been many different reasons for urbanization, one reason may be working opportunities.

Madeleine]]> 2020-04-19 02:52:35 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/514872505 Community-based tourism (CBT) https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/515233323 Community-based tourism is a sustainable form of tourism in which the local residents of the host community should be the main beneficiaries. The residents are encouraged to participate in the development of the tourism industry by mobilizing their knowledge and resources. The communities are often rural and poor, and tourism can generate new livelihood sources, but also contribute to preserving the traditional culture.  

Iselin]]> 2020-04-19 11:16:35 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/515233323 Social capital https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/515241863 Social capital is the social resources of a person, and entails social networks, interpersonal relationships, shared values, norms, identities etc. The concept can for instance be used to explain inequalities and why some people perform better than others on certain areas. Social capital is one of several forms of capital (e.g. financial, cultural, human), and they are often intertwined to some extent.

Iselin]]> 2020-04-19 11:25:07 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/515241863 Formal and informal sectors https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/515255463 The informal sector is, as opposed to the formal sector, the unorganized economy that is not counted in a country’s GDP or GNP. People that work informally don’t pay tax, and are also excluded from rights that many workers in the formal sector have (for instance, they don’t have set working hours and a set wage, they don’t get pension and they can’t go on strike). This is problematic because the informal sector accounts for more than 50 % of the economy in many developing cities/countries. Examples of some informal jobs can be street vending or garment workers working from home, but also informally employed personnel of formal enterprises.  

Iselin]]> 2020-04-19 11:39:13 UTC https://padlet.com/binh1/devstu1/wish/515255463