• Prussian Method (1840-1940)

• Lasted longer; • Dead languages/literatures (Latin and Greek); 

• Uses L1 to teach L2 (explanation in L1); 

• Memorization of vocabulary (word lists); 

• Get to know the basic rules to join the words; 

• Translation exercises; 

• Grammar is taught deductively; 

• Teaches the language by ‘rule’;

 • Focuses on written language (morphology and syntax); 

• Teacher-centered;

 • Appreciation of the culture (literature).
Their main supporting technologies or resources :

• Montaigne learned Latin (1530); 

• Came from France, Belgium and Germany; 

• No translation, no L1 (gestures, illustrations); 

• Only the target language is allowed; 

• Students are encouraged to think in the target language; 

• Lays emphasis on the oral language (speech); 

• Situational dialogues (vocabulary through realias); 

• Integration of the 4 skills; 

• Grammar is taught inductively; 

• Teaches the language by ‘use’; 

• Repetition (to learn L2 authomatically).

• Second World War: 6-9 months, 9h a day (American army);

 Based on the psychological theory of Behaviorism (stimulus -

response - reinforcement);

• L1 is not allowed (to avoid interference);

• Oral-based approach;

• Perfect pronounciation (repetition drill);

• No mistakes allowed;

• Use of minimal pairs;

• Contrastive analysis.

or resources :
  recorders and audio players

overhead projectors and / or image projectors, 

which added visual and audible support.

• Focuses on Semantics;

• Lays emphasis on communication (real communicative situation

= noises, accents, language functions and grammar structures);

• Authentic material;

• The primary goal of language teaching is enabling students to

use the language to communicate;

• L1 (native tongue) is allowed;

• Students’ needs and interests (affective aspect);

• English for Specific Purposes (ESP);

• Student-centered (the teacher is a mediator);

• Group activities;

• Students should be given an opportunity to negotiate meaning,

to express their opinions and share their idea and feelings.

or resources :
games, group dynamics, games, roleplaying, flashcards, puppets.