Pain

Edema

Spasticity

Facilitate Movement

Decreased local temperature

Decreased metabolism

Vasoconstriction of superficial arterioles and capillaries (at first)

Decreased superficial blood flow (at first)

Decreased nerve conduction velocity

Decreased delivery of leukocytes and phagocytes

Decreased lymphatic and venous drainage

Decreased muscle excitability

Decreased muscle spindle depolarization

Decreased formation and accumulation of edema

Extreme anesthetic effects

Acute pain

Chronic pain

Acute swelling

Myofascial trigger points

Muscle guarding

Muscle spasm

Acute muscle strain

Acute ligament sprain

Acute contusion

Bursitis

Tenosynovitis

Tendinitis

Delayed onset muscle soreness

Reducing temperature

Raynaud’s disease or phenomenon

Over an area with circulatory compromise

Peripheral vascular disease

Hypersensitivity to cold

Skin anesthesia

Open wounds or skin infections

Infection

Cold intolerance

Cryoglobulinemia

Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria

Over a regenerating peripheral nerve

Over a superficial nerve

Hypertension

Impaired cognition

Patients who are very young or very old

pain

increase ROM

accelerate healing

Increased local temperature superficially

Increased local metabolism

Vasodilation of arterioles and capillaries

Increased blood flow to part heated

Increased leukocytes and phagocytosis

Increased capillary permeability

Increased lymphatic and venous drainage

Increased metabolic wastes

Increased axon reflex activity

Increased elasticity of muscles, ligaments, and capsule fibers

Analgesia

Increased formation of edema

Decreased muscle tone

Decreased muscle spasm

Subacute and chronic inflammatory conditions

Subacute or chronic pain

Decreased ROM

Facilitate healing

Muscle guarding

Muscle spasm

Myofascial trigger points

Subacute muscle strain

Subacute ligament sprain

Acute musculoskeletal conditions

Areas of impaired circulation

Peripheral vascular disease

Skin anesthesia

Open wounds or skin conditions

Malignant tumor

Infrared irradiation of the eyes

Impaired mentation

Pregnancy

Cardiac insufficiency

Poor thermal regulation

Patients who are very young or very old

Edema

Metal in the area

Demyelinated nerves

Over areas where counterirritants have been applied

EMS--- electrical muscle stimulation; application of electricity directly to a muscle to elicit a contraction; used to elicit a contraction in denervated muscle

NMES--- neuromuscular electrical stimulation; stimulation of motor nerves to elicit a muscle contraction; used to elicit a contraction in innervated muscle

FES--- functional electrical stimulation; use of electrical stimulation to activate muscles to perform functional activities; such as use of electrical stimulation to activate ankle dorsiflexion during swing phase of gait cycle

TENS--- transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; synonymous with use of electrical stimulation for pain management

Acute, post-acute, chronic pain

Stimulation of denervated muscle

Retarding muscle atrophy

Muscle strengthening

Muscle reeducation

Stimulation of venous and lymphatic circulation

Management of edema

Muscle spasms

Muscle guarding

Wound, fracture, tendon, ligament healing

Pacemaker, implanted cardiac defibrillator

Infection

Malignancy

Pregnancy

Over areas of known thrombosis or thrombophlebitis

Musculoskeletal problems where muscle contraction would exacerbate the condition

Impaired sensation or mentation

Cardiac disease

Areas of skin irritation or open wounds

Treatment of small areas

Increased circulation

Acceleration of metabolic rate

Decreased pain

Decreased muscle spasm

Increased soft tissue extensibility

Altered nerve conduction velocity; increased in normal nerves

Heats tissues with high absorption coefficients; tissues with higher collagen content;

Lower absorption in tissues with high water content

US well suited for heating tendons, ligaments, joint capsules,

fascia without overheating overlying fat

Acute and post-acute conditions (nonthermal US)

Soft tissue healing and repair

Scar tissue

Joint contracture

Chronic inflammation

Increase extensibility of collagen

Reduction of muscle spasm

Pain modulation

Increase blood flow

Soft tissue repair

Increase in protein synthesis

Tissue regeneration

Bone healing

Inflammation associated with Myositis Ossificans

Plantar warts

Myofascial trigger points

Thermal US for acute and post-acute conditions

Areas of decreased temperature sensation

Areas of decreased circulation

Thrombophlebitis

Eyes

Reproductive Organs

Pelvis immediately following menses

Pregnancy

Pacemaker or implanted cardiac rhythm device

Malignancy

Epiphyseal areas in young children

Total Joint Replacements

Infection

Central Nervous System tissue

To treat hyperhydrosis

To treat musculoskeletal conditions

Calcific tendonitis

myositis ossificans

local anesthesia

inflammatory conditions

relief of Joint and Muscle pain

To reduce swelling and edema

skin conditions

Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)

bursitis

tendosynovitis

tension headache

inhibition of spasticity

Reduce calcification in the body

To manage scar tissue

to relieve local edema

Pilocarpine iontophoresis is also used to stimulate sweat secretion, as part of cystic fibrosis diagnosis.

open wounds, burns, skin grafting, or scar

cardiac pacemakers

allergy to medication

loss of sensation

greasy or dirty skin

sole of foot (hard for the ions to pass inside)

epilepsy, seizures

heart disease

metal implant

pregnancy

don’t use two chemicals under the same electrode,even if they are from the same polarity.

don’t administer ions with opposite polarities during the same treatment session

the skin should be abrasion/cut free and the area carefully washed (soap and water is fine)

dry electrodes are inappropriate and should not be used.

if pre-gelled electrodes are being used, ensure that a good even contact is achieved.

adequate fixation of the electrode and pad to the skin needs to be carefully maintained

uneven current distribution can easily lead to skin burns or irritation.

explain to the patient what is expected and ensure that they know to report immediately if any untoward or painful sensation are felt.

turn the current up slowly to the required amount.

at the end of the treatment time, ensure that the current is turned down slowly

Biostimulation/tissue regeneration

reduction of inflammation

analgesia

enhanced immune function/antimicrobial

Dermal wounds (open wounds, chronic ulcers, pressure sores)

Arthritic conditions (Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis)

Acupuncture and (myofascial) trigger points

Soft-tissue injuries (muscle tears, bruising, hematoma)

Tendinopathies

Pain relief of various etiologies:

• Neck / Low Back pain

• Arthrogenic pain

• Neuropathic and neurogenic pain, including herpes/postherpetic pain

Temporomandibular disorders

Carpal tunnel syndrome

eyes

over the low back, abdomen or pelvic region during pregnancy or menstruation

regions of known or suspected malignancy

actively bleeding tissue or persons with untreated haemorrhagic disorders

regions with recently radiated tissues (for 6 months following irradiation)

tissues infected with tuberculosis or other forms of virulent bacteria

persons with impaired cognition or communication

regions with active deep vein thrombosis or thrombophlebitis

persons with photosensitivity disorders (xeroderma pigmentosum) or systemic lupus erythematosus

reproductive organs (testes)

over areas of decreased sensation

over the thyroid gland

over the heart or vagus nerve of cardiac patients

persons with infections who have a compromised immune function

persons with epilepsy

Over infected tissue (e.g. infected open wound)

Over the sympathetic ganglia, vagus nerves and cardiac region in patients with heart disease

Over photosensitive areas

Patient with epilepsy

Areas of altered skin sensation

Areas with Tattoos

instrument-based learning process that is based on “operant conditioning” techniques

improve the ability to modify involuntary processes consciously

refine a movement sequence or activation pattern to assist patients to achieve a goal

gets to know his own body signs and that he can control them consciously in the first place using biofeedback equipment, afterwards even without

Direct Feedback: measured variable, as in the case of heart rate or heart rate variability, where a numerical value is displayed on a wearable device, such as a watch.

Transformed Feedback: measured variable, where the measurements are used to control an adaptive auditory signal, visual display or tactile feedback method. ^[4]

Constipation

Fecal incontinence

Urinary incontinence

Chronic pain - includes chronic low back pain, chronic pelvic pain, and other pain syndromes

Chronic insomnia

Migraine headaches

Chronic fatigue

Fibromyalgia

Epilepsy

Motion sickness

Depression

Anxiety

Raynaud phenomenon

CVA

CVS/Fibromyalgia

Chronic pain

Neck pain

Post-traumatic stress syndrome

Hypertension

Headache – migraine – tension headache

Balance disorders

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Epilepsy

Electromyography (EMG) - measures muscle tension

Thermal biofeedback - measures skin temperature

Neurofeedback/ electroencephalography (EEG) - measures brain wave activity

Electrodermography (EDG) - measures skin electrical activity

Heat Flux - measures the rate at which heat is being dissipated from the body

Pneumography - measures abdominal/chest movement when breathing

Capnometry - measures end-tidal carbon dioxide

Hemoencephalography - measures the differences in the colour of light reflected back through the scalp based on the relative amount of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood in the brain

Photoplethysmography (PPG) - measures peripheral blood flow, heart rate, and heart rate variability