Self-consolidation 

Communication is the bilingual process that transfers information between one and others, including verbal and non-verbal messages. By co-experiencing to relate other’s thoughts, people can construct shared social identity to facilitate communication with close social relationships. 

2.      Bryant and Kazan (2012) define self-leadership as someone having a developed sense of who they are, what they can do and where they are going. 

3.     Practice of understanding who you are, identifying your desired experiences, and intentionally guiding yourself toward them (Neuhaus, 2021)

2. LSHTM. (2020). Honouring Florence Nightingale at LSHTM [Video]. YouTube.   
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbI5rXiR7K8

Nightingale’s spiritual belief is connected to the path she pursued in nursing.  

Firstly, Unitarianism influenced her a lot when she was young. The value of this spirt is to promote equality of men and women, these values made her become a lifelong learner and an agent for change although there was prevailing standard in 1800s that prevented women from attending universities (Nurse.com,2010). Besides, Nightingale said that spirituality was an integral part of nursing as they are asked to love, care and give to other humans every day. She also teaches us it is important to find out who we are and where we come from by walking, praying or mediating, so that nurses can take care of themselves mentally and are able to find the energy they need when serving patients. 

https://hbr.org/2012/04/the-real-leadership-lessons-of-steve-jobs 

Muldrew: Motivating a workforce by Steve Jobs (Medium)

https://medium.com/ 

Steve Jobs considered Apple, the company, as his most important creation. He confounded Apple in his parents’ garage in 1976, saved it from near bankruptcy in 1997, and transformed it into the world’s most valuable company in 2011.

In 1997, Steve Jobs decided to get Apple focused on making just four great products, and with that decision, he saved his company. His decision is to focus on a few priorities, then make them well. This is one of his clear visions of his team’s goals, which is valuing quality. He also aimed to make his creation intuitive and simple. During the design of the iPod interface, he insisted on being able to get to whatever he wanted in three clicks. He integrated the iPod and Mac with iTunes software, allowing iPod to have fewer functions and buttons and greater convenience.

Steve Jobs convinces and motivates his employees to believe in what they are creating as he desires to build something great. As a team leader, he has a famous quote: “Leadership is about inspiring people to do things they never thought they could”. He directed efforts of others through tasks and influenced his employees with strong desire for hard work, shared passion and clear vision.

He always studied opponents’ tactics before competition

Self-motivation: https://www.elitedaily.com/money/five-success-lessons-from-kobe-bryant-the-ultimate-self-motivator
He was always precise about his goal and what he want to achieve. Therefore, he set this role models as the other great basketball players

Self-management: https://www.superception.fr/en/2020/02/08/the-management-lessons-of-kobe-bryant/ 

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/commemorating-kobe-bryant-leadership-winner-mindset-kisha-freed 

(self-control: set up his personal standard - “his only focus was to be the best that he could be” - challenged his hero, Michael Jordan, who was then becoming the greatest player of all time ; “Great things come from hard work and perseverance. No excuses.”

Self-acceptance: He created the alter ego of the Black Mamba, inspired by a particularly deadly snake, and the “Mamba Mentality which has five pillars: Passion, obsessiveness, relentlessness, resilience, and fearlessness. Aims to inspire the next generation to be better by applying these values to their own lives.) 

  Greenaway, Wright, R. G., Willingham, J., Reynolds, K. J., & Haslam, S. A. (2015). Shared Identity Is Key to Effective Communication. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(2), 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214559709

  Rai, Rai, S. M, & ebrary, Inc. (2009). Effective communication (Rev. ed..). Himalaya Pub. House.

Sturgeon, D. (n.d.). Mengzi : Liang Hui Wang i - 齊宣王問曰：「齊桓、晉文之事可得聞乎？. Chinese Text Project. Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://ctext.org/mengzi/liang-hui-wang-i?searchu=%E9%BD%8A%E5%AE%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%95%8F%E6%9B%B0%EF%BC%9A%E2%80%9C%E9%BD%8A%E6%A1%93%E3%80%81%E6%99%89%E6%96%87%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%AF%E5%BE%97%E8%81%9E%E4%B9%8E%EF%BC%9F 

Barack Obama

2)     The capacity to take part morally and viably in individual and proficient intercultural settings, which requires the understanding of other’s cultural values and view respectfully and collaboration in various cultural contexts 

 

3)     The ability of a person to work, develop meaningful relationships, and interact with people that come from different cultural backgrounds effectively, including one’s behaviors, customs, and beliefs from different groups. 

 
https://doi-org.ezproxy.lb.polyu.edu.hk/10.1177%2F1043659614524790

The University of Sydney. (n.d.). What is cultural competence? Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://www.sydney.edu.au/nccc/about-us/what-is-cultural-competence.html 

De Guzman, M. R. T., Durden, T. R., Taylor, S. A., Guzman, J. M., & Potthoff, K. L. (2016). Cultural competence: An important skill set for the 21st century. 

 

·       The first president of colour 

·       Fostering cultural competence in America by prioritizing intercultural competence in government reports, policy papers and articles   

·       In 2009, Obama said that we need greater cooperation and understanding between nations to respond and tackle fascism and communism.  

·       America as a nation of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Jews, and non-believers, we believe that the lines of races and old hatreds shall soon dissolve and show the common humanity (Obama, 2009) 

 

the White House. (2009, January 21). President Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address [Press release]. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2009/01/21/president-Barack-obamas-inaugural-address 

®    Obama as the former president of America, had launched a National Equal Pay Task Force to monitor the existing law is functional and ensure all people paid equally no matter their race and gender 

®    Additionally, Obama has also signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act to reach gender equality in salary 

 

·       Protect LGBT individuals  

®    Ensuring equality of different sexual orientation and gender identity

®    In 2009, he promulgated a directive on same-sex domestic partner benefits and signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act into law

®    In 2010, he invested funds to support LGBT community

®    In 2013, he signed the VAWA reauthorization

®    In 2014, he signed an Executive Order to prohibit the discrimination because of gender identity, race, color, sexual orientation, sex, national origin, religion and ethnicity.

 

 

the White House. (n.d.). Strengthening Protection Against Discrimination. The White House President Barack Obama. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/issues/civil-rights/discrimination

 

Definition (from our thoughts): Using ethics as a standard for evaluating morality.

1.       He was asked to remove his turban by the European judge on the court of Durban, yet he declined 

2.       When traveling to Pretoria, he was abandoned of a first-class railway compartment that he was left on the station in Pietermaritzburg

3.       He had been beaten by the stagecoach driver who was white as he refused to sit on the footboard so that one European customer could have a seat

4.       He was prohibited from “for Europeans only” hotels

->Object injustice in South Africa ->Studied the situations of South Asians in South Africa and taught them their rights and obligations (Nanda, 2022)

 

Gandhi stayed in South Africa in 1893, he noticed that the Indian immigrants in South Africa still encountered the difficulties of having civic rights since the 1860s

·       As slaves of the European in Natal in which the European assured that they could travel freely, having the salary of 10 shillings a month for the first year and rise 1 shilling every year, and could return to India after 5 years contract. Yet, the Indians workers was settled as citizens by the European and they needed to pay £3 tax for each family.

·       Humiliations: 

--> described as "Asian dirt to be heartily curse, chokeful of vice, that live upon rice and the black vermin". They could not ride first and second class and rode on the footboards of train or being kicked out if a white passenger insisted. Cannot go into European hotels.

Gandhi founded Natal Indian Congress to protect Indians’ rights on politics and economics ->eliminated discriminatory laws and regulations (Nanda, 1972).

Sacrifice: Gandhi was assaulted and nearly lynched by a white mob.

Inequality in India:

-Despite considerable Indians’ opposition, the British persevered on passing the Rowlatt Acts, which gave authorities the right to arrest those suspected of sedition without trial. 

-The Massacre of Amritsar which was the killing by British-led soldiers of nearly 400 Indians who were gathered in an open space in Amritsar in the Punjab region.

 

Gandhi’s action: 

-The nonviolent noncooperation movement including boycotts not only of British manufactures but of institutions operated or aided by the British in India: legislatures, courts, offices, schools→ against British government

Sacrifice: Gandhi was arrested and sentenced to six years’ imprisonment.

-Salt March: a satyagraha against the British-imposed salt tax, which disproportionately affected the poorest members of society

-He fasted to persuade Ambedkar to drop his proposal for a separate electorate for the Untouchables (Jha, 2004). Even stopped the rioting in Calcutta (1947) and made the city of Delhi into a communal truce (1948) 

•       Choose to do what is right even though he might face imprisonment 

 

Lawrence Kohlberg, a American psychologist 

How Kohlberg developed his theory

Kohlberg modified Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (Cherry, 2021). He provided some dilemmas and ask interviewers for their choices and the behind reasonings. One of the most best-known scenario is Heinz steals the drug to save his wife. He focused on the reasons behind the judgement but not the right or wrong. He further divided the decisions into several stages of his theory.

Kohlberg’s theory suggests how humans develop morality and moral reasoning. It shows the general understanding of morality. Besides, it allows us to know the factors that may influence morality.

-          At this level, morality is controlled by an external environment. People tend to follow the rules to avoid punishment or receive rewards (concrete consequences). In this level of stage, people make decision according to what they can get away with or are satisfied. Level one has two stages: Punishment orientation, Instrumental hedonism orientation 

-          Stage 1: Punishment orientation: In order to avoid punishment, people may choose to obey. = Self protection

-          Stage 2: Instrumental hedonism orientation: People’s behavior focuses on having rewards or satisfying their own needs. = Being cunning

Level 2: Conventional level (“Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development,”2020)

-      At this level, following social rules is more important than the individual's will. People focus on having a relationship or connection with others and society and not consider about self-interest. People follow the rules which are set forth by others e.g., parents, peers as well as the government so as to gain their agree and to maintain social order. Level two has two stages. 

-      Stage 3: Good boy/ Nice Girl orientation: Social approval may determine the individual’s behavior. People want to gain approval from others of being a good person. = Group loyalty

-      Stage 4: Law and order orientation: The individual has the desire to maintain a functional society by obeying fixed law and authority and keeping social order. Doing one’s duty, respecting authority, and maintaining social order are the right behaviors to avoid feeling guilty about not finishing the duty and censure of authorities. Failure of the individual in this stage may break the social system and make it flawed. 
= Good citizen (Baxter & Rarick, 1987). 

Level 3: Postconventional level (Kohlberg & Hersh, 1977).

-      Moral values and principles of this level have different applications and validity apart from the authority of groups or other individuals. It is determined by universal principles and also has two stages. 

-      Stage 5: Social contract orientation: Actions determined by rule and law commonly agreed in society which could enhance the greatest benefits for the greatest number of people. However, changing law or rule could be possible under rational consideration of social utility reasons which is different from Stage 4 to freeze them. = Reason.  

-      Stage 6: Universal principled orientation: Actions determined by self-chosen universal ethical principles, such as dignity, equality, and kindness. Helping other people to achieve better interests and well-being status is the basis of principles. If laws violate these principles, individuals may still uphold the principles, no matter what the price. 

= Personal integrity

-        Reliability & Credibility: It is the most respected measure model of moral development because it is widely used by different experiment/ research project (van den Enden et al., 2018).

-        Emphasizes the importance of experience of childhood: it recognizes the moral (mental) development of a person are developed by the experiences and social interaction during childhood (Cuypers, 2020). 

-        Explanation to higher stage of moral reasoning: The model helps describe the progression of human behavior in moral way.

 

Weaknesses:

-          Sex-biased: Kohlberg’s theory is developed by observing 84 boys’ development for 20 years, Gilligan (1993) believed that it is unsuitable for to be used for females

-          Cultural-biased: Kohlberg’s theory is developed by interviewing samples of middle-class white males, which may not suit the global population, this could be shown with South Africans (Goldschmidt et al., 2020) and Chinese (Dien, 1982; Ma, 1988)

-          Does not consider human feeling: this model is based on logic and reason, which is seldom present in young children from 3 to 4 years old which also show ‘moral’ behavior according to their feeling(empathy) (Baldwin, 2016)

-          Only considered individual’s morality: This model did not account for group morality, how human come to consensus on decisions for the ‘greater good’, unlike models such as model of moral motives (Janoff-Bulman & Carnes,2013)