https://padlet.com/sarahausman911/Manufacturing_Organs 1.1.3 Manufacturing Research en-us 2017-09-03 20:46:56 UTC 2026-03-11 20:27:27 UTC hello@padlet.com sarahausman911 https://padlet.com/sarahausman911/Manufacturing_Organs/wish/184431014 Organ Manufacturing is exactly what it sounds like it should be, the making of non-naturally occurring (artificial or synthetic) organs. As of right now, all organs containing living cells are made custom, often using stem cells and a 3-D printer to make a scaffold out of strands 100th the width of a human hair to house the cells as they grow.
Each organ has to vary depending on multiple factors and be tested rigorously, so it is not possible to mass produce organs, however when custom making organs, things like circuit boards and valves can be produces in lager quantities and/ bought from a third party, and modified slightly to accommodate each individual.
Pierre Galletti, a professor of medical science at Brown University, defined artificial organs as, "a human-made device designed to replace, duplicate or augment, functionally or cosmetically, a missing, diseased, or otherwise incompetent part of the body, either temporarily or permanently, and which requires a non-biologic material interface with living tissue." Artificial organs have allowed for extended life-span, but as people are living longer, and technology advances, the need for and ability to make replacement organs instead of artificial ones being used as a stand in until an organ is donated, in the case of things like hearts and kidneys, or longer-term artificial organs that last around 10 years until they need to be replaced, but the often cause a lot of strain on the body they are put in. Replacement organs would lessen the need for anti-rejection medications, which suppress the immune system for a while to keep the body from attacking a donor organ while it adjusts to the new body it is in. ]]> 2017-09-03 20:51:34 UTC https://padlet.com/sarahausman911/Manufacturing_Organs/wish/184431014 sarahausman911 https://padlet.com/sarahausman911/Manufacturing_Organs/wish/184431030 One of the earliest, best documented predecessors to modern day artificial organs are most commonly associated with pirates. That's right, peg-legs. Well, kind of. Ancient tombs from Egypt show that people were using wooden stumps to replace legs and fingers that were missing by around 3000 B.C.
The first artificial organ, an 'artificial kidney' was made in 1943 (using sausage casing and a rotating drum to remove toxins and waste that the kidneys are supposed to remove). Before the 'artificial kidney' was made, if an organ failed, the person either had to go without it (which was often deadly) or get a transplant of a viable donation organ. This was the first example of a functional stand-in for an organ that had failed.
In 1982, the first fully implantable artificial organ was a heart made by Willem Kolff and Robert Jarvik. This artificial heart was pneumatic.
The first fully synthetic organ to be implanted in someone was a windpipe in 2011. It was created using the patient's own stem cells, and though it was a simple first step, it shows that growing synthetic organs is an achievable possibility. ]]> 2017-09-03 20:51:59 UTC https://padlet.com/sarahausman911/Manufacturing_Organs/wish/184431030 sarahausman911 https://padlet.com/sarahausman911/Manufacturing_Organs/wish/184431435 https://www.technologyreview.com/s/522576/manufacturing-organs/

scinotions.com/regenovo-the-biomaterial-3d-printer-used-to-create-living-tissue/

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/bk-1984-0256.ch001

https://books.google.com/books?id=YKoHGueXrocC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false]]> 2017-09-03 20:58:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sarahausman911/Manufacturing_Organs/wish/184431435 sarahausman911 https://padlet.com/sarahausman911/Manufacturing_Organs/wish/184604335 Remember the first kidney replacement? Well, that was made by Willem Kolff, who is often called the Father of Artificial Organs. He helped Robert Jarvik design the first completely artificial, independent (as in it did not need outside interference once placed) heart that was used in a human. 
The first synthetic organ, the windpipe, was designed by Alexander Seifalian.]]> 2017-09-05 01:21:28 UTC https://padlet.com/sarahausman911/Manufacturing_Organs/wish/184604335 sarahausman911 https://padlet.com/sarahausman911/Manufacturing_Organs/wish/184625971 Artificial organs have come a long way in the past couple of decades. Using modern technology, often modeled after or similar to organic biological systems, there is much promise for replicating or replacing organs. Artificial eyes, which are more miniature cameras that controlled by the brain, continue to be improved advances in computer science and camera technology. 
Artificial hearts have saved the lives of many waiting on a transplant list, but still only work for a few years. Individual or smaller relpacements or modifications, like connecting a new valve (made of many types of polymers), have more success, but sit are not perfect. Things like pace-makers help keep the heart going, allowing more time for a transplant to come through, but all current solutions to faulty hearts leave much to be desired, and much to be improved upon.
While complete, permanent replacement organs are the ideal, they are not practical for most organs yet. Most artificial replica organs of those essential to life, like the heart, are only good for a few months to a few years, and then the patient will need to have a transplant of a donor organ. Stem cells have shown promise, and have even successfully created a working esophagus, but more complex organs remain just out of possibility as of yet. Research is still being done to find decent materials for artificial lungs, as growing a new lung out of stem cells is still out of the ball park.]]> 2017-09-05 04:13:49 UTC https://padlet.com/sarahausman911/Manufacturing_Organs/wish/184625971