Geography by https://padlet.com/isaacshortland1234/zjhq84dlhdp0f6y Made with wonder en-us 2021-02-24 09:03:03 UTC 2021-03-09 21:02:02 UTC hello@padlet.com Global prevalence and distributions of Cancer isaacshortland1234 https://padlet.com/isaacshortland1234/zjhq84dlhdp0f6y/wish/1235360599 Throughout the world the prevalence of cancer is growing and growing. With an ageing and growing population among the risk factors that can cause cancer will mean rates will grow. In more developed places such as most of Europe, USA and parts of Asia including China and Japan cancer is more prevalent due to the socioeconomic state of the countries. In these places with poor diets of fast food, lots of alcohol and smoking are all risk factors causing cancer, with these countries having big socioeconomic values cancer is more common as many people can afford these luxuries. However although cancer is more prevalent in developed countries rates in developing countries are increasing as there is a shift in demographic and lifestyle changes. Leading to increase rates of lung cancer (as a result of being able to buy tobacco) and many others cancers associated with a more developed country.

In the UK the rates of cancer vary between counties depending on the types of cancer.  ]]> 2021-02-24 09:17:38 UTC https://padlet.com/isaacshortland1234/zjhq84dlhdp0f6y/wish/1235360599 Links to physical and socio-economic environment https://padlet.com/isaacshortland1234/zjhq84dlhdp0f6y/wish/1235361957 The likelihood of developing cancer is linked to a number of factors including age, genetics, and exposure to risk factors. Although factors such as age and genetics can’t be changed, risk factors linked to lifestyle and the environment can be mitigated. In the UK, 4 in 10 cancer deaths could be prevented (more than 135,000 a year).

Lifestyle factors are modifiable ways of life than influence overall health. Sun exposure damages DNA in the skin cells and is becoming a more common due to package holidays to hot destinations, made possible by increasing wealth. In addition, 9 in 10 cases of melanoma could be prevented by avoiding using sunbeds. Secondly, preferences for meat, dairy, and fast food are linked to the rise in bowl cancer cases, as well as the higher prevalence of obesity (a risk factor for 12 types of cancer). This links to wealth as people can afford more processed foods. Similarly, increased alcohol consumption can be linked to increasing wealth. Alcohol stops the break down of nutrients (vitamin A and C) and increases blood levels of oestrogen, which is linked to breast cancer. The biggest single cause of cancer is smoking, which can be linked to 1/5 of all cases. These lifestyles are down to how individuals choose to live, but other environmental factors increase the risk of developing cancer and aren't decided individually. Air pollution, which is linked to cases of lung cancer, causes people to inhale chemicals that cause changes in DNA. Similarly, exposure to asbestos causes mutations in lung tissue and is linked to 4% of lung cancers. There is also a risk from secondary asbestos exposure, in which people close to the person exposed may also be affected. 

The likelihood of developing cancer can also be linked to a persons socio-economic status. Deprivation has been found to increase the likelihood of smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity. In Glasgow where half of the population live in wards in the top 20% of the most deprived in the UK, there are the highest number of cases in a local authority. Similarly, Liverpool and Manchester have the highest local authority cancer rates in England. These are both located in the North West, a former industrial area with 34 out of 50 of the most deprived census areas. 





]]> 2021-02-24 09:18:02 UTC https://padlet.com/isaacshortland1234/zjhq84dlhdp0f6y/wish/1235361957 Barriers to mitigation/management. https://padlet.com/isaacshortland1234/zjhq84dlhdp0f6y/wish/1235391529 UK government aims to save 5000 lives a year, increase survival rates and reduce gap in survival rates that currently exist between the UK and other European countries. Bad lifestyle habits (poor diet, smoking) cause more than 120,000 cancer cases per year.

Direct Mitigation:
Investment into medical technology in an attempt to develop more precise forms of radiotherapy and diagnostic method  such as endoscopy, for early diagnosis and treatment.

Mass screening for breast cancer, cervical cancer and bowl cancer is already well established and is highly effective in finding cancer early whilst still being treatable.

Cancer research in order t improve our understanding of the disease, with the aim of developing new treatments (drugs) and exploiting the potential and engineering.

Diagnosis- As cancer is a progressive disease identifying it early can be the difference between life and death. Increased research into symptoms of different cancers can have profound effect on survival rate. 9/10 people can be treated successfully if bowl cancer is spotted at the earliest stage. However, only 1/10 cases are identified at this stage.

Treatment: Radiotherapy, Immune checkpoint inhibitors ( drugs that blocks immune checkpoints, which allows immune system to respond to cancer strongly), T-cell transfer(boosts natural response of T-cells against cancer), Monoclonal antibodies(immune system proteins made in a lab that are designed to bind to cancerous cells so they will be recognised by the immune system.).

Indirect Mitigation:
encourage importance of healthy lifestyle changes  (dangers of smoking, unbalanced diets, excessive alcohol consumption.) through advertisements and propaganda.

Age restriction on sun beds as well as standards of supervision / staff training.

Barriers to Mitigation:
genetics,
social and physical environment


]]> 2021-02-24 09:26:57 UTC https://padlet.com/isaacshortland1234/zjhq84dlhdp0f6y/wish/1235391529 Impact on health and well-being https://padlet.com/isaacshortland1234/zjhq84dlhdp0f6y/wish/1235392620 Currently around 2 million people in the UK have cancer which costs the UK economy £15 billion a year due to early deaths, patients taking time off work, treatment on the NHS and the cost of unpaid care. Research by Macmillan in 2006 estimated that the average costs to cancer patients is around £570 a month because of diagnosis which affects 4 out of 5 people. The charity also showcased that 7 out of 10 households faced extra costs to get treatment and a third suffered a loss of income. This results in not only an impact economically, but also an impact socially because patients suffer from isolation and anxiety. Overall, around 50,000 people of working age lose their lives to the disease, who could have contributed £585 million to the UK economy that year or £6.8 billion as a total for their working lives. In general, the UK spends 5% of its total healthcare budget on cancer, this is 1% less than the EU average who normally spend £2.1 billion more per year. The high treatment and managing cost and the disease affecting a person’s ability to work can lead to a family being impacted by poverty. This creates an unequal chance of survival depending on income, with women having a 14.2% chance of beating cancer in affluent areas compared to poorer areas. As a result, 76% of people reported that this has a negative effect on family life and 66% stated cancer has a negative effect on their social life.]]> 2021-02-24 09:27:16 UTC https://padlet.com/isaacshortland1234/zjhq84dlhdp0f6y/wish/1235392620 Barriers to mitigation/management https://padlet.com/isaacshortland1234/zjhq84dlhdp0f6y/wish/1235425763 Barriers to mitigation/management]]> 2021-02-24 09:36:42 UTC https://padlet.com/isaacshortland1234/zjhq84dlhdp0f6y/wish/1235425763 https://padlet.com/isaacshortland1234/zjhq84dlhdp0f6y/wish/1266505515 2021-03-04 00:01:29 UTC https://padlet.com/isaacshortland1234/zjhq84dlhdp0f6y/wish/1266505515