1. Tapping my foot, I looked out the window with longing.

1. Filled with anger, the woman stormed into the building.

• Doesn't have both a subject + predicate (verb)

• Often used for descriptions of people, things, or events.

  
  

1. DETERMINER = Articles (a, an, the) , Possessive Determiners (my, your , his, her, its, our, their) , Demonstrative Determiners (this, that, these, those)

2. ADJECTIVES = Words that describes/modify noun ( Size, Color, Age, Emotions, The Five Senses)

3. NOUN = Head word

4. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES (optional) = Further details about relationships, or locations.

1. "The blue sky"

   The + blue + sky

   D A N

   The blue sky is so breathtaking.

1. "My new laptop"

   My + new + laptop

   D A N

   My new laptop was bought by my sister.

   
   

2. "Several happy children in the park"

   Several + happy + children + in the park

   D A N P

   Several children in the park were playing together.

   
   

1. HEAD ADJECTIVE = The main word in the phrase as primary form.

2. MODIFIERS = Additional words or phrases to provide more information about the head adj ( adverbs, more adj, prepositional phrases )

FUNCTION

• Help to clarify the manner, frequency, time, place, or degree of action or state

• Add nuance (a subtle difference of meaning, expression) and detail

FUNCTION

= Add detail and context to sentences by indicating relationships in terms of location, time, direction, manner, and more.

= As modifiers, providing additional information about a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb within a sentence.

Preposition + Object + Modifier = Prepositional Phrase

a) INFINITIVE CLAUSES

b) PARTICIPIAL CLAUSES

- ing

-en

2. FINITE CLAUSES

   a) Main / Independent Clauses

   b) Subordinate / Dependent Clauses

3. NOUN CLAUSES

4. ADVERB CLAUSES

5. RELATIVE CLAUSES

   a) Defining / Restrictive Clauses

   b) Non-defining / Non- restrictive clauses

= A group of words consisting of an infinitive and all the words related to it.

• Usually begins with "to"

KINDS OF INFINITIVE CLAUSES

1. As subject

   e.g.

   • To swim after a meal is always wrong.

   • To walk in the morning is a good habit.

   • To eat more fruits daily is the first thing you should do.

     
     

2. As direct object

   e.g.

   • Chapin girls like to study hard.

   • Phil agreed to give me a ride.

   • The team set its own rules, to practice daily and to work hard.

     
     

3. As subject complement

   e.g.

   • The trick was to carry the egg slowly.

   • His goal was to become a well known writer.

   • Your duty is to finish the work in time.

     
     

4. As appositive

   e.g.

   • My teacher's wish to climb Bear Mountain could happen.

   • His decision to become an actor was not supported by his family.

   • She wanted to find a job.

• Can stand alone and make complete sense. (MAKE SENSE ON ITS OWN AS A SENTENCE)

• Written with a capital letter at the beginning and a period at the end (simple sentence).

I sleep.

S + V

EXAMPLES

1. Hanis ate Nasi Lemak.

2. The children went to the park.

3. I sleep.

TO BETTER UNDERSTANDING

1. I will call you when I reach home.

2. I enjoy eating in a restaurant because the food is better.

3. Waiting for the mail to come is tedious especially when I have better things to do.

A dependent clause (or subordinate clause)

= can't stand alone as a complete sentence

= doesn't express a complete thought

= relies on being used with another clause

Has a SUBJECT + VERB

EXAMPLE

1. When the aeroplane lands we will get off it.

2. I am not tidying the dishes unless Peter helps.

3. Because I cannot go to the concert, you can have my ticket.

Tense can be changed (in the present tense or past tense)

EXAMPLE

1. The boy is playing football.

   (present tense is used in the finite/main clause)

   
   

2. I went to school.

   (past tense used in the finite/main clause)

   
   

3. She walks home.

This is my note contains :

1. GRAMMAR FOR SHORT STORIES & NARRATIVES

• Sentence Patterns

2. GRAMMAR FOR REPORTS

• Phrases and Clauses

3. GRAMMAR FOR SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AND RECOUNTS

• Reported structures

= Can stand alone - doesn't transfer its action to another noun.

= The action is complete without something or someone to receive the action.

1. She dances.

   S + V

2. He sings.

3. The cat sleeps.

4. They laugh.

5. I write.

6. We listen.

7. Rain falls.

8. The students studies.

9. The birds flies.

10. The bell rang.

EXAMPLE

• Turn on (...?)

  She turns on (V) the lamp (DO).

• Push

  They push the car.

• Empower

  My teacher empowers us.

• Teach

  The incident teaches a lesson.

• Hold

  Please hold my bag.

1. She eats an apple.

2. They built a sandcastle.

3. We watched a movie.

4. He plays the guitar.

5. The cat chased a mouse.

6. I wrote a letter.

7. The teacher explains the lesson.

8. They baked a cake.

9. We painted the walls.

10. He fixed the broken bicycle.

TYPES OF ADVERBIAL PHRASE

1. Adverbs of time = when something happened

   e.g. "yesterday afternoon" , "this morning"

2. Adverbs of place = where something happened

   e.g. "here", "there", "somewhere", "anywhere"

3. Adverbs of manner = how something happened

   e.g. "quickly", "slowly", "carefully", "happily"

= Essential to complete the meaning of a sentence.

= Two main types of complements

• Subject complements

  A word or phrase that follows a linking verb ( is, are, was, were, become, seem ) and provides additional.

  e.g. She (subject) is a doctor(subject complement).

• Object complements

  A word or phrase that completes the meaning of the direct object in a sentence. It follows and modifies the direct object.

  e.g. I find the movie(object) interesting(object complement).

TYPES:

1. Statements

   • Provides information, expresses a fact, or conveys an idea.

   • Example: "I love cat.", "The sun rises in the east."

   • "Tailgating is a top cause of car accidents." said Amir.

2. Questions

   • Seeks information, asks for clarification

   • Often begins with a question word (5W 1H) or an auxiliary verb.

   • Example: " What is your name?", "How to do this?"

   • "Why are you late?" Jimmy asks Diana.

3. Requests

   • Asks someone to do something, asks for something to be done

   • Use polite language (Would you..., Could you..., Will you...,

   • Example: "May I go out?", "Could you lend me a hand?"

4. Suggestions

   • Offers advice, recommends a course of action

   • Often more polite, less direct than a command (I suppose we could..., I think we could...,)

   • Example: "Which one do you prefer, coffee or tea?", "Why don't we try the new Italian restaurant for dinner?"

5. Advice

   • A recommendation or guidance given to help someone make a decision, take a specific action

   • Example: " We must study hard to pursue our ambition.", "You should start exercising regularly for better health."

6. Intentions

   • Conveys someone's emotions, intentions, or specific details

   • Example: " I will be there at 5 PM.", "I have no intention of quitting my job."

     
     

• Involves paraphrasing or reporting what someone else has said without quoting to exact words.

• Involves a change in pronouns, tenses, & sometimes other elements

• EXAMPLE :

  He said he was late. I convinced myself to stop crying.

TYPICALLY INTRODUCED BY THE VERBS:

say, tell, admit, complain, explain, remind, reply, think, hope, offer, refuse etc (in the past tense)

1. Present - Past

• "I never understand you," she told me. (Direct Speech)

✓ She told me she never understood me.

2. Present perfect - Past perfect

• "I have broken the window," he admitted.

✓ He admitted that he had broken the window.

3. Past - Past perfect

• " She went to Rome, " (I thought)

√ I thought that she had gone to Rome.

4. Past perfect - Past perfect ( DOESN'T CHANGE)

• "I'd never been there before." (She said)

✓ She said that she had never been here before.

5. Will - Conditional

• "I will come on Sunday," he reminded me.

✓ He reminded me that he would come on Sunday.

USUALLY :

shall --- would

should --- would

may --- might

6. TENSE/VERB (DOESN'T CHANGE)

• 1) Reporting verb is in the present tense.

E.g. Bill : "I am enjoying my holiday."

✓ Bill says he is enjoying his holiday.

• 2) When report something true (fact)

E.g. Emma : "Asia is the largest continent."

✓ Emma said Asia is the largest continent.

• 3) When the speech and the repoerted at the same time & fact is still true

E.g. Michael : "I am thirsty."

✓ Michael said he is thirsty.

• 4) With modal verbs would, might, could, should, ought to, used to

E.g. George : "I would try it."

✓ George said he would try it.

• 5) After wish, would rather, had better, it is time.

E.g. Nadia : "I would rather fly."

✓ Nadia said he would rather fly.

• 6) In if-clauses

E.g. Maria : "If I became a teacher, my parents would be proud."

✓ Maria said that if she became a teacher, her parents would be proud.

• 7) In time-clauses

E.g. Julia : "When I was staying in Kota Bharu I met my best friend."

✓ She said that when she was staying in Kota Bharu she met her best friend.

• 8) The past tense in spoken English if it is clear from the situation when the action happened

E.g. "She did it on Sunday," I said.

✓ I said she did it on Sunday.

7. Change

• Must that become had to or wouldn't have to (if want to express an obligation)

"I must wash up."

✓ He said he must wash up/ He had to wash up.

• If the modal verb must does not express obligation, we don't change it

"We must relax for a while." (suggestion)

✓ He said they must relax for while.

E.g.

"We are the best students," he said.

✓ He said they were the best students.

• Sometimes use a noun instead of a pronoun, otherwise the new sentence is confusing

E.g.

"He killed them," Kevin said.

✓ Kevin said that the man had killed them.

• This & These

E.g.

"They will finish it this year," he said.

✓ He said they would finish it that year.

And she said: "Greg came yesterday."

It means that Greg came on Thursday.

If we report Mary's sentence on Sunday, we have to do the following:

Mary : "Greg came yesterday."

✓ Mary said that Greg had come the day before.

× Mary said Greg had come yesterday.

TIME EXPRESSIONS

Today - that day

Tomorrow - the next day/the following day

The day after tomorrow - in two day's time

Yesterday - the day before

The day before yesterday - two days before

Next week/month - the following week/month

Last week/month - the previous week/month

A year ago - a year before/the previous year

# If something is made and reported at the same time, expressions can remain the same.

E.g.

"I will go on holiday tomorrow," he told me today.

✓ He told me today he would go on holiday tomorrow.

# If something is reported later, the time expressions are different in the reported speech

E.g.

Last week Jim said: "I'm playing next week"

✓ Jim said he was playing this week.

# Here - there

At school: "I'll be here at 10 o'clock," he said.

✓ He said he would be there at 10 o'clock.

"Where have you been?" he said.

✓ He asked me where have I had been.

Subject comes before the verb

• In yes/no questions we use if or whether in questions.

• If is more common & whether is more important formal

"Will you come?" she asked me.

✓ She asked me if/whether I would come.

"Get up!" he said.

✓ He told me to get up.

• Negative commands, requests and advice are made by verb + object + not + infinitive.

"Don't hesitate," he said.

✓ He persuaded me not to hesitate.

• Tell can introduce statements, commands, requests or advice

"I'm leaving," he told me.

✓ He told me that he was leaving.

• Commands, request or advice with tell

" Leave the room," he told John.

✓ He told John to leave the room.

• Similarly ask is used in reported questions, commands, requests or advices

1. "Will you make coffee?" he said.

✓ He asked me if I would make coffee.

2. "Make coffee, please," he said.

✓ He asked me to make coffee.

A type of dependent clause functioning as a noun in a sentence.

Begins with a relative adverb or relative pronoun:

What Jamil wrote was very interesting.

= It begins with a subordinating conjunction

= It tells how, when, where, why or to what extend.

EXAMPLE :

1. If Sam calls, please tell him that I will be late.

2. We played in the garden until the sun set.

3. Though she was busy, Alice helped the young boy.

4. John went home after he finished his lunch.

= It provides additional information about the noun or pronoun.

EXAMPLE:

"The book that I'm reading is really good."

In this sentence, "that I'm reading" is a relative clause that modifies the noun "book". It tells us which book we're talking about.

RELATIVE CLAUSE WORD ORDER

• Simple sentence : The man is a teacher.

• Relative clause : The man who lives in that house is a teacher.