PBL 3 GROUP 1 by Husaini Ahmad Borham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6 Made with sorrow en-us 2019-12-20 02:05:02 UTC 2025-11-24 15:09:26 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f9da-2640.png What we know husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426144515 1. Rabies is caused by rhabdovirus, a bullet shaped virus from the genus lyssavirus
2. There are two types of rabies exhibited, the furious amd the dumb forms 
3. Furious form of rabies predominates over dumb form 
4. Rabies is transmitted by saliva and spreads inside animal through nervous system by retrograde fashion
5. Rabies is zoonotic and transmit via bite wound from rabid animals.
6. Rabies can also transmit among human via organ transplantation.

]]> 2019-12-20 02:05:27 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426144515 Want to know husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426144633 1. What are the immunity induced by rabies virus 
2. When and where does the WBC meet the virus post vaccination to induce immunity?
3. What are the samples and diagnostic assays that can be used in detection of rabies 
4.  Vaccines available for protection against rabies
5. How does post bite vaccine work?]]> 2019-12-20 02:06:08 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426144633 What we learned husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426144659 1. Rabies virus will induce humoral and cmi response but since the virus is capable of killing the T cells, humoral response is considered more important. Antibodies are capable of entering the neuronal cell to control agent 
2.The vaccinations either post or pre exposure contains antigens, killed inactivated antigens. Using live agents in vaccinations can induce infection in the vaccinated animal.
3. Samples that can be taken from a live animal includes skin biopsy, saliva and the cerebrospinal fluid while during post mortem, sample of the brain can be taken for inspection
4. Diagnostic assays that can be done to detect antigen of rabies includes fluorescent antibody test which is the gold standard due to its high specificity and sensitivity. Using the seller’s method the negri bodies special to rabies virus can be seen under microscope. 
5. The vaccines available commercially against rabies are nobivac and rabisin. Nobivac vaccine is used also in post bite therapy. ]]> 2019-12-20 02:06:16 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426144659 What we know husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426145771 1, Leptospira is a bacteria that causes a disease called Leptospirosis.
2. The illness usually begins with a fever.
3. Rats are the most common source of infection to humans. ]]> 2019-12-20 02:13:08 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426145771 Want to know husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426145791 1. Common pathogenic Leptopsira affecting dogs.
2. Diagnostic assays commonly used to differentiate different serovar/genotypes of pathogenic Leptospira.
3. Conventional and recombinant vaccines that have been developed against Leptopsira in dogs.
4.  Type of immunity that is important in providing protection against Leptospira.
5. Advantages and disadvantages of serology and molecular based diagnostic assays in the detection of Leptospira
6. Why the bacteria is expelled in the urine? Does the bacteria have a tropism towards the kidney?]]> 2019-12-20 02:13:15 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426145791 What we learned husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426145814 1. The common pathogenic Leptospira affecting dogs is Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola and serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. It is a  gram negative bacteria. It is transmitted among animals by direct contact and indirect contact. 
2. MAT is the gold standard in detecting Leptospira.
3. Conventional Vaccine:
-Inactivated Vaccine
-Live-attenuated vaccine
-LPS vaccine
Recombinant Vaccine:
-DNA Vaccine
-Recombinant Virulence Vaccine
4. Humoral mediated immunity is more important in providing protection against Leptospira with IgG being produced to opsonize and agglutinate Leptospira for clearance.
]]> 2019-12-20 02:13:22 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426145814 What we know husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426145834 1. Caused by influenza virus type A from the higher classification of orthomyxoviridae
2. Influenza virus is highly mutated due to its segmental genome
3. H5 and H7 are considered HPAI while the others are LPAI]]> 2019-12-20 02:13:29 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426145834 Want to know husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426145846 1. Characteristics of virus causing avian influenza 
2. What are the assays and samples that can be used to diagnose avian influenza
3. Type of immunity induced by the disease
4. Efficacy of vaccination in Malaysia 
5. What makes HPAI infection so severe than LPAI infection?]]> 2019-12-20 02:13:35 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426145846 What we learned husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426145859
1.  Malaysia does not vaccinate its chicken against avian influenza as this will most probably affect the trading of chickens between countries.
2. There are altogether 198 serotypes of Influenza because 18HI and 11NA
3. Type A attacks man and animals while Type B and C attacks only man.]]> 2019-12-20 02:13:41 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/zijlz1xi18b6/wish/426145859