The sale of the centre came just a year after the Frenchgate had undergone a £200 (GBP) million facelift to transform it into the country's first shopping centre with integrated public transport and retail interchange.

Before the change of name from Arndale to Frenchgate Centre, the centre was home to a controversial statue entitled 'The Lovers', which depicted a naked couple in a passionate embrace and which was the subject of many complaints from mothers who claimed that it was not appropriate for young children to see.

In 2004 the Northern Bus Station and Gresley House, which were located on the northern side of Trafford Way, the road that passed round the northern side of the Frenchgate Centre, and where the rear entrance and service areas were located, were demolished to make way for a new Transport interchange and extension to the Frenchgate Centre. As part of this project the centre also received a major multi-million pound refurbishment, incorporating the centre into the new transport interchange. During the building of the extension, which involved building a tunnel over Trafford Way, part of the tunnel collapsed, severely injuring one of the building workers from the site.^[1]

The extension and transport interchange opened to the public on 8 June 2006.^[2]

See also: Religious cosmology, Hellenistic philosophy and Christianity, and Orphism (religion)

In theology, the cosmos is the created heavenly bodies (sun, moon, planets, and fixed stars). In Christian theology, the word is also used synonymously with aion^[6] to refer to "worldly life" or "this world" or "this age" as opposed to the afterlife or world to come.

The 1870 book Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology noted^[5]

Thales dogma that water is the origin of things, that is, that it is that out of which every thing arises, and into which every thing resolves itself, Thales may have followed Orphic cosmogonies, while, unlike them, he sought to establish the truth of the assertion. Hence, Aristotle, immediately after he has called him the originator of philosophy brings forward the reasons which Thales was believed to have adduced in confirmation of that assertion; for that no written development of it, or indeed any book by Thales, was extant, is proved by the expressions which Aristotle uses when he brings forward the doctrines and proofs of the Milesian. (p. 1016)

Plato, describes the idea of the good, or the Godhead, sometimes teleologically, as the ultimate purpose of all conditioned existence; sometimes cosmologically, as the ultimate operative cause; and has begun to develop the cosmological, as also the physico-theological proof for the being of God; but has referred both back to the idea of the Good, as the necessary presupposition to all other ideas, and our cognition of them. (p. 402)

The book The Works of Aristotle (1908, p. 80 Fragments) mentioned^[7]

Aristotle says the poet Orpheus never existed; the Pythagoreans ascribe this Orphic poem to a certain Cercon (see Cercops).

Bertrand Russell (1947) noted^[8]

The Orphics were an ascetic sect; wine, to them, was only a symbol, as, later, in the Christian sacrament. The intoxication that they sought was that of "enthusiasm," of union with the god. They believed themselves, in this way, to acquire mystic knowledge not obtainable by ordinary means. This mystical element entered into Greek philosophy with Pythagoras, who was a reformer of Orphism as Orpheus was a reformer of the religion of Dionysus. From Pythagoras Orphic elements entered into the philosophy of Plato, and from Plato into most later philosophy that was in any degree religious.xswww

Design[edit]

A branch in Leeds, West Yorkshire.

River Island has an in-house design team at its West London Headquarters

Stores[edit]

River Island has over 350 stores in the UK, Ireland, Asia, the Middle East and Europe alongside 6 online websites that operates in 4 currencies, which ships to over 100 countries worldwide. [1]

As of 2012, River Island no longer has physical shops in Singapore. In 2013, online fashion retailer Zalora began acting as a bridge between River Island and most of South-East Asia.^[5]

In spring / autumn 2015 River Island will open stores in Peru and Chile.

In this season River Island will open three stores in Chile

History[edit]

Store front at Castlepoint Shopping Centre.

In 1948, Bernard Lewis started selling fruit and vegetables, and then knitting wool from a bombed-out site in the East End of London.^[2] Joined by his three brothers,^[2] the chain expands to nine stores under the title Lewis Separates.^[3]

By 1965 Lewis Separates had an impressive 70 store empire in the UK and it was decided that the brand needed a new identity. Lewis Separates was re-branded to Chelsea Girl,^[3] the name chosen because at the time the King's Road in Chelsea was the hub of fashion, music and popular culture.^[4] Chelsea Girl became the first UK fashion boutique chain.^{[citation needed]}

In the late 1970s, two of the brothers left the business,^[3] leaving Bernard, David and their families in charge. They formed the Lewis Trust Group, for which David ran the other businesses covering hotels, property and investments, leaving Bernard to run the retail operation. This allowed the company to expand into menswear in 1982 with the launch of Concept Man stores,^[3] before they were merged with Chelsea Girl to become one retail brand under the name of River Island in 1988.^[3]

In 1993, the brand opened its first shop in Republic of Ireland. Since then it has expanded into a dozen markets including Russia, Poland, and various countries in the Middle East.^{[citation needed]}

In 2010, River Island launched Kidswear. In 2011, Chelsea Girl was re-introduced as a capsule collection within River Island stores.Sports Direct International plc is a British retailing group. Established in 1982 by Mike Ashley, the company is the United Kingdom's largest sports-goods retailer and operates roughly 670 stores worldwide.^[3] The company owns a large number of sporting brands and trades predominantly under the SportsDirect.com brand. Other retailers owned by the company include USC and Lillywhites. The company operates under low margins.^[4]

Sporting and fashion brands owned include Donnay, Slazenger, Firetrap, Everlast, Kangol, Karrimor and Lonsdale.

Mike Ashley has continued to hold a majority stake in the business, and his holding has been 61.7 percent since October 2013.^[5] It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and it is a constituent of the FTSE 250 IndexThe company was founded by Mike Ashley in 1982 as a single store in Maidenhead trading under the name of Mike Ashley Sports.^[6] In 1984, Preston Sports shop was opened in London and by 1992 the Company had 12 stores.^[6] 1995/96 saw the stores change to Sports Soccer along with the re-location of head office and warehouse to a 100,000 sq. foot unit in Dunstable.^[6] The number of retail stores had now increased to 50, along with the acquisition of the Donnay tennis and golf brand.^[6] Ashley incorporated the business in 1999.^[7]

By 2000, the business had 80 stores, and had formed a joint venture in Belgium, with 22 stores trading as Disport.^[6] The Lillywhites chain of 10 stores and the Lonsdale brand were acquired in 2002 and by 2003, the number of retail stores had increased to 150.^[6][7] In 2005 the company began a major rebrand of the stores, changing the fascias to Sports World.Going public[edit]

In late November 2006, a number of business newspapers reported that Ashley was looking at an IPO of Sports World International. He hired Merrill Lynch, who valued the group at up to £2.5bn ahead of a possible flotation on the London Stock Exchange.^[8] The group debuted on the exchange on 27 February 2007.^[9]

Corporate finance and mergers[edit]

In December 2006, it was revealed that Sports Direct had built up a 29.4% stake in Blacks Leisure Group, the owner of Millets.^[10] In May 2007, it was also revealed that Ashley had held talks with John Hargreaves, founder of Matalan on both taking a 25% stake in the troubled retail business and installing mezzanine floors in larger Matalan stores, on which SportsDirect.com outlets could be operated.^[11] In June 2007, the company acquired Everlast for £84 million.^[12]

In July 2008, it was disclosed that Sports Direct also held a 12.3% holding in the John David Group, parent of JD Sports.^[13] The stake is currently 11.9% of JD Sports as of November 2013. Sports Direct formerly held 5% of Amer Sports.^[14] It was announced on 1 October 2012, that Sports Direct had purchased rival retailer JJB's brand name, website, 20 stores and all of their stock in a deal for approximately £24m. The deal saved around 550 jobs.^{[15][16][17][18]}

In February 2013, after fashion retailer Republic went into administration, Sports Direct bought 116 Republic stores, the brand name and the company's head office from the administrator for an undisclosed sum.^[19] In July 2013, more than 2,000 full-time staff were awarded around £70,000 each under the company's bonus share scheme.^[20] On 13 January 2014, Sports Direct bought 4.6% of Debenhams shares. The stock market purchase of 56.8 million shares (worth around £46m) was made without the prior knowledge of the Debenhams board. Sports Direct stated at the time it intends to be a supportive share holder. The Debenhams board responded by stating they are open-minded with regard to exploring operational opportunities to improve its performance.^[21][22] Sports Direct sold its shares on 16 January 2014, although they took out an option to buy further shares up to a total of 6.6%.^[23]

In December 2016, Sports Direct agreed to sell the remaining international rights to its Dunlop brand to Sumitomo Rubber Industries for £112 million ($137.5 million).^[24] Sumitomo already own the rights to the brand in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. The sale is due to be completed by May 2017.^[25] In July 2017, the company acquired a 26% stake in Game Digital

From our family to yours, we invite you to come dine with us — and thank you for your continued support!Employee conditions and legal breaches[edit]

In July 2013, it was revealed that around 90% of the company's employees are employed on zero-hours contracts, an issue that some of their current and former employees have taken the company to court over.^[27]

From January 2013 to December 2014, 76 ambulances or paramedic cars were sent to the postcode for Sports Direct's distribution centre, according to a Freedom of Information request by the BBC.The ambulance service received three calls about women experiencing pregnancy difficulties, including one who gave birth in the site's toilets.^[28] A Channel 4 Dispatches documentary branded Sports Direct a 'sweatshop' with working conditions compared to the Victorian era and bosses were accused of punishing employees if they talk.^[29] Labour MP John Mann claimed English speakers were snubbed for positions with the chain despite 3,000 people working there. He said, 'British workers living in his constituency near Sports Direct's 800,000 square foot Shirebrook warehouse were snubbed for jobs at the Derbyshire site'. The warehouse is called the 'gulag' among local residents.^[30]

In October 2015, the chief executive of Sports Direct, David Forsey, was charged with a criminal offence for consultation failures over USC staff who only had 15 minutes notice of redundancy.^[31][32] In December 2015, an investigation by The Guardian found that the company fines staff for late clocking on, does not award overtime for late clocking off, relies on zero hour contracts, and regularly makes staff wait unpaid for a security check at the end of shifts. A union official suggested that these practices were illegal as they brought workers' earnings below the minimum wage. The company responded by saying there were unspecified inaccuracies in the reports.^[33] A representative from the charity ShareAction claimed that workers are "jeopardising their health" for fear of being dismissed while another shareholder said the company's reputation as an employer was "atrocious".^[34]

Late in December 2015 Sports Direct announced a 15 pence per hour increase for staff currently receiving less than minimum wage, taking them above minimum wage,^[35] the annual cost of this was said in the announcement to be ~£10 Million (GBP); however it was immediately noted that £0.15p * 37.5 hours * 19,000 staff * 52 weeks = 5,557,500 (~£5.5 million), this and other factors resulted in many (including Unite) calling it a "PR Stunt".^[36] Workers on zero-hours contracts are not included in the rise and neither are those already paid more than minimum wage (management/supervisors etc.) therefore the 19,000 staff above is actually substantially fewer.^[37]

In August 2016, Sports Direct admitted breaking the law and will disburse unlawfully withheld wages totalling about £1m to the affected workers.^[38][39] As of March 2017, some Sports Direct workers are yet to receive backpay for their time worked, because of a disagreement regarding how contracts changing between employment agencies should be handled.^[40] In November 2016, six MPs from the Business and Skills Committee visited Sports Direct, and reported that while there, Sports Direct attempted to place them under surveillance.^[41] In February 2017, it was reported that Sports Direct had failed to inform its workforce of a data breach of their personal information after an attacker gained access to its internal systems in September 2016. The Information Commissioner's Office stated it was aware of "an incident from 2016 involving Sports Direct" and would be "be making enquiries."^[

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The group has over 470 UK stores including the chains SportsDirect.com (Sports World prior to 2008), Lillywhites, Field & Trek and USC. Sports Direct-branded stores exist under a franchising agreement in South Africa and the Middle East. In 2006 it overtook JJB Sports as the UK's largest sportswear retailer.^[43]

A Sports World store in Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire

Acquisitions[edit]

Dunlop acquisition[edit]

In February 2004, the company acquired Dunlop Slazenger for around £40 million, which included the Dunlop, Slazenger and Carlton brands.^[44] This was followed by the acquisitions of outdoor gear manufacturer Karrimor in March for a reported £5 million.^[45] In 2006 he acquired Kangol for an estimated £12 million.^[46] Most of these brands were bought from distressed sellers. After looking at a takeover,^[47] Sports Direct took a £9 million stake and signed a lucrative long-term deal in August 2005 with troubled brand Umbro,^[48] which was subsequently sold to Nike.^[49]

The brands themselves are an increasingly important part of the business, and Sports Direct made £10 million, from selling the intellectual-property rights to the Slazenger Golf brand to arch-rival JJB in 2005.^[7]

Acquisition of Dunlop brands by Sumitomo Rubber Industries[edit]

In 2016, Sumitomo Rubber Industries, a global tire, sports goods, and industrial rubber products manufacturing company based in Kobe, Japan, filed for regulatory approval before the Philippine Competition Commission in connection with its planned acquisition of Dunlop-related wholesale, manufacturing, and licensing business from Sports Direct.^[50]

Sumitomo Rubber intended to acquire the entire issued share capital of Dunlop Brands Limited, Dunlop Slazenger 1902 Limited, and Dunlop Australia Limited, and the Dunlop-related business of Dunlop Sports Group Americas, Inc. which are subsidiaries of Sports Direct.^[50]

The Philippine Competition Commission approved the regulatory filing for the said acquisition. The acquisition allowed Sumitomo Rubber to consolidate the Dunlop brand across various products including sports goods worldwide.