Classical past: definition in terms of symphony (stylistic? structure?)

Romantic future: lyricism and distant key relationships?? maybe expansion of forms, idk what else

Beethoven in his Symphony no. 9 ("Choral") obliterated the time-honoured distinction between "abstract" (instrumental) and "literary" (vocal) music (The Ninth was the direct antecedent of the genre of the 'choral symphony' as seen in the works of later 19th century composers).

e.g. Beethoven --> Symphony no. 9/iv features orchestra, soloists and chorus with a text by Schiller.

• context drives form of symphony leading to formal innovations straying away from conventional structures

• music as a form of self-expression

• expanding tonal relationships

  
  

exploring distant tonal relationships; modal mixture; chromaticism

carried on using beethovens expanded instrumentation

cyclic unity of themes

subversion of tonal conventions (subdominant recap; mediant relationships)

Classical – romantic — more distant tonal relations, more expanded form, teleological planning (?) idk from more rigid structures of symmetry and tonal conventions

formal innovation: established the 3rd movement as scherzo form (in all his symphonies)

blurred the distinction between abstract and literary music, his 9th symphony being the direct antecedent of the genre of choral symphony as seen in the works of later 19th c composers

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