Concept:

The present perfect is used to talk about actions that started in the past and continue in the present. For and since show duration or starting point.

Uses:

For = period of time (for two hours, for five years).

Since = starting point (since 2010, since Monday).

Rules:

Structure: have/has + past participle.

Have → I/you/we/they.

Has → he/she/it.

Structures:

(+) Subject + have/has + past participle + complement.

(–) Subject + haven’t/hasn’t + past participle + complement.

(?) Have/Has + subject + past participle + complement?

Examples:

(+) She has lived here since 2015.

(–) They haven’t studied English for two months.

(?) Have you worked in this company since January?

Concept:

Would rather is an expression to show preference. It means “prefer” in English.

Uses:

To express what someone prefers.

Followed by a base verb (infinitive without to).

Rules:

Would rather + base verb.

To compare preferences with another person: would rather + subject + past simple.

Structures:

(+) Subject + would rather + base verb.

(–) Subject + would rather not + base verb.

(?) Would + subject + rather + base verb?

Examples:

(+) I would rather stay at home tonight.

(–) She would rather not eat fast food.

(?) Would you rather watch a movie or go out?

Concept:

The future simple is used to talk about spontaneous decisions, predictions, or promises.

Uses:

Promises: I will help you.

Predictions: It will rain tomorrow.

Decisions at the moment of speaking: I’ll call you later.

Rules:

Structure: will + base verb.

Same form for all subjects.

Short form: ’ll in affirmative.

Structures:

(+) Subject + will + base verb.

(–) Subject + will not (won’t) + base verb.

(?) Will + subject + base verb?

Examples:

(+) She will travel to Spain next year.

(–) They won’t play football tomorrow.

(?) Will you come to the party?

The present perfect can be used with Wh- questions (what, where, how long, who, etc.) to ask for specific information about experiences or actions.

Uses:

To ask for details, not yes/no answers.

To connect past actions with the present.

Rules:

Structure: Wh-word + have/has + subject + past participle + complement?

Structures:

(+) Subject + have/has + past participle + complement.

(–) Subject + haven’t/hasn’t + past participle + complement.

(?) Wh-word + have/has + subject + past participle + complement?

Examples:

(+) I have visited Paris twice.

(–) He hasn’t finished his homework yet.

(?) Where have you been?