Is caused by the varicella-zoster virus.

Symptoms

Skin: blister, scab, ulcers, or red spots

Whole body: fatigue, fever, or loss of appetite

Also common: headache, itching, sore throat, or swollen lymph nodes.

Risk

Chickenpox is highly contagious to those who haven't had the disease or been vaccinated against it.

Prevalence

Annual incidence is estimated at 80-90 million cases.

Why is it common in kids

It is most common in children and is usually mild.

Diagnosis and treatment

Chickenpox can be prevented by a vaccine. Treatment usually involves relieving symptoms, although high-risk groups may receive antiviral medication.

Most often, health care providers find out you have chickenpox based on the rash. Chickenpox also can be confirmed with lab tests, including blood tests or a tissue study of samples of affected skin.

Prevention

Get the chickenpox vaccine.

Chickenpox prevention and treatment. (2022, November 10). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/about/prevention-treatment.html#:~:text=The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent,effective%20at%20preventing%20the%20disease.

1. Viral Infections: The most common cause of a sore throat is a viral infection, such as the common cold or flu.

2. Bacterial Infections: Streptococcus bacteria (strep throat) can also cause sore throat.

3. Allergies: Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, pet dander, or other allergens can lead to throat irritation.

Symptoms: 

1. Pain or discomfort in the throat, especially when swallowing or talking.

2. Scratchiness or irritation in the throat.

3. Swollen glands in the neck or jaw.

4. Hoarseness or changes in voice.

5. Coughing.

Risks factors: 

1. Exposure to Illness: Being around people who are sick can increase the risk of contracting a viral or bacterial infection.

2. Seasonal Factors: Sore throats are more common during colder months when viruses like the flu are circulating.

3. Smoking or Secondhand Smoke Exposure: Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke can irritate the throat and increase the risk of infections.

4. Allergies: Individuals with allergies may experience more frequent sore throats due to environmental triggers.

Why it’s it common in kids?

1. Viral Infections: Many sore throats in children are caused by viruses, such as the common cold or flu. These viruses are easily transmitted among kids in schools and daycare settings.

2. Bacterial Infections: Strep throat, caused by the Streptococcus bacteria, is another common cause of sore throat in children. It's more common in school-aged children.

3. Exposure to Irritants: Kids may be exposed to environmental irritants like smoke, pollution, or allergens that can cause throat irritation and soreness.

Diagnosis and treatment

1. Physical Examination: A doctor will examine the throat, tonsils, and neck for signs of inflammation, redness, or swelling.

2. Medical History: They'll ask about symptoms, recent illnesses, and any exposure to sick individuals.

1. Viral Sore Throat:

   - Rest: Encourage your child to rest and stay hydrated.

   - Pain Relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help alleviate discomfort.

   - Warm Saltwater Gargle: Gargling with warm saltwater can soothe the throat.

   - Humidifier: Using a humidifier can add moisture to the air and ease throat irritation.

2. Bacterial Sore Throat (Strep Throat):

   - Antibiotics: If strep throat is confirmed, antibiotics (such as penicillin or amoxicillin) are prescribed to kill the bacteria and prevent complications.

   - Rest and Hydration: Similar to viral sore throats, rest and hydration are important for recovery.

Prevention

Hand Hygiene 

Avoiding Close Contact

Vaccinations

Healthy Habits

How illness impacts on their life?

Physical Discomfort: Sore throat often causes pain, irritation, and discomfort in the throat, making it difficult for children to swallow, eat, drink, and speak. This physical discomfort can affect their overall well-being and ability to engage in daily activities.

Apa 

Mayo Clinic, June 10, 2021, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635 

1. Viral Infections: Acute bronchitis is commonly caused by viruses, such as the same viruses that cause the common cold or flu.

2. Bacterial Infections: While less common, acute bronchitis can also be caused by bacteria, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems.

3. Smoking: Chronic bronchitis is often associated with long-term smoking. The inhalation of cigarette smoke irritates the bronchial tubes and can lead to chronic inflammation.

   
   

Risk Factors for Bronchitis:

1. Smoking: Smoking cigarettes or exposure to secondhand smoke increases the risk of both acute and chronic bronchitis.

2. Weakened Immune System: People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy, are at higher risk of developing bronchitis.

3. Age: Infants, young children, and older adults are more susceptible to bronchitis.

   
   

Symptoms of Bronchitis:

1. Cough: A persistent cough is the most common symptom of bronchitis. It may produce mucus, which can be clear, white, yellow, or green.

2. Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, especially with physical activity, may occur.

3. Chest Discomfort: Chest discomfort or tightness may be present.

4. Fatigue: Feeling tired or fatigued is common, especially with acute bronchitis.

5. Sore Throat: Sore throat may accompany acute bronchitis, particularly if it's caused by a viral infection.

6. Fever and Chills: Fever and chills may occur, especially with acute bronchitis caused by a bacterial infection.

Why its it common in kids?

1. Viral Infections: Acute bronchitis, especially in children, is often caused by viral infections such as the same viruses responsible for the common cold or flu. Children are more susceptible to viral infections due to their developing immune systems and frequent exposure to other children in school or daycare settings.

2. Exposure to Irritants: Children may be exposed to environmental irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, dust, or chemical fumes, which can irritate the bronchial tubes and lead to bronchitis. Secondhand smoke exposure, in particular, can significantly increase the risk of respiratory infections and bronchitis in children.

3. Close Contact: Children often spend time in close proximity to each other, increasing the likelihood of exposure to respiratory viruses and bacteria that can cause bronchitis. This is especially true in daycare centers, schools, and other communal settings where germs can easily spread from one child to another.

Diagnosis and treatment

1. Medical History and Physical Examination: Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and perform a physical exam, including listening to your lungs with a stethoscope.

2. Chest X-ray: This may be done to rule out pneumonia or other lung conditions.

3. Sputum Tests: If your cough produces sputum, a sample may be tested to determine whether bacteria are present.

1. Rest and Fluids: Getting plenty of rest and staying hydrated can help your body fight off the infection.

2. Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medications:

- Pain Relievers: Acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help reduce fever and relieve discomfort.

- Cough Suppressants: These may be used to alleviate coughing, although they are not always recommended, especially if coughing helps clear mucus from the lungs.

- Expectorants: These can help thin mucus and make it easier to cough up.

3. Antibiotics (if bacterial): If your bronchitis is caused by bacteria, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics. However, most cases of acute bronchitis are caused by viruses, so antibiotics are not always necessary.

Prevention

1. Practice Good Hand Hygiene: Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after coughing, sneezing, or being in public places.

2. Avoid Close Contact with Sick Individuals: Try to avoid close contact with people who have respiratory infections, such as colds or the flu.

3. Cover Your Mouth and Nose: When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow to prevent the spread of germs.

4. Get Vaccinated: Annual flu vaccines can help protect you from influenza viruses, which can lead to bronchitis and other respiratory infections.

How illness impact in their lifes?

Persistent coughing, especially at night, can disrupt a child's sleep. Lack of quality sleep may lead to irritability, fatigue, and difficulties concentrating during the day.

APA

Neumors and kids help, april 2023, https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/bronchitis.html

Cesars Sinai, october 23, 2018, https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions---pediatrics/a/acute-bronchitis-in-children.html

• Memory
  
• Attention
  
• Communication
  
• Reasoning, judgment, and problem solving
  
• Visual perception beyond typical age-related changes in vision
  
  
  

• Age
  
• Family history
  
• Race/ethnicity
  
• Poor heart health
  
• Traumatic brain injury
  
  
  

is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection that invades the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

Symptoms

-a high temperature (fever)

-being sick.

-a headache.

-a rash that does not fade when a glass is rolled over it (but a -rash will not always develop)

-a stiff neck.

Risk factors

Skipping vaccinations. Risk rises for anyone who hasn't completed the recommended childhood or adult vaccination schedule.

Age. Most cases of viral meningitis occur in children younger than age 5 years.

Prevalence

In 2021, there were about 210 total cases of meningococcal disease reported

Why is it common in kids

A child is more at risk for meningitis if he or she has an infection caused by a number of viruses, bacteria, or fungi. Children with a weakened immune system are at great risk.

Diagnosis and treatment

A definitive diagnosis of meningitis requires a spinal tap to collect cerebrospinal fluid.

• intravenous (IV) antibiotics.

• the earlier the treatment starts, the better your outcome.

• antibiotics can start before the results of the lumbar puncture are available.

• a corticosteroid, or steroid, such as dexamethasone can decrease inflammation and reduce pressure that can build up in the brain

Prevention

Vaccinations. Routine immunization can go a long way toward preventing meningitis. The Hib, measles, mumps, polio, and pneumococcal vaccines can protect against meningitis caused by those germs. Kids also should get vaccines to protect against a bacterium called meningococcus.

How the illness impacts in the lives of the family

Because they will see their son tired

Meningitis in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital. (n.d.). https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/meningitis

An ear infection usually is caused by bacteria and often begins after a child has a sore throat, cold, or other upper respiratory infection.

Symptoms

• pain inside the ear.

• a high temperature.

• being sick.

• a lack of energy.

• difficulty hearing.

Risk factors

Their immune systems are underdeveloped and less equipped to fight off infections.

Prevalence

About 50% of all children will have at least 1 ear infection by the time they reach their second birthday.

Why is it common in kids

Their immune systems are underdeveloped and less equipped to fight off infections. Their eustachian tubes are smaller and more horizontal, which makes it more difficult for fluid to drain out of the ear.

Diagnosis and treatment

A red, bulging eardrum indicates an infection. A doctor also may use a pneumatic otoscope, which blows a puff of air into the ear canal, to check for fluid behind the eardrum.

Many doctors will prescribe an antibiotic, such as amoxicillin, to be taken over seven to 10 days.

Prevent

1. Vaccinate your child against the flu.

2. It is recommended that you vaccinate your child with the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13).

3. Wash hands frequently.

4. Avoid exposing your baby to cigarette smoke

Ear Infections in Children. (2022, 16 marzo). NIDCD. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/ear-infections-children

• kidney disease
  
• diabetes
  
• long
  
• sleep apnoea
  
• glomerulonephritis
  
• hormone problems
  
• lupus
  
• scleroderma
  
  
  And the intake of some medications
  
  
  

• severe headaches
  
• chest pain
  
• dizziness
  
• difficulty breathing
  
• nausea
  
• vomiting
  
• blurred vision or other vision changes
  
• anxiety
  
• confusion
  
• buzzing in the ears
  
• nosebleeds
  
• abnormal heart rhythm
  

• older age
  
• genetics
  
• being overweight or obese
  
• not being physically active
  
• high-salt diet
  
• drinking too much alcohol
  
  
  

• eating a healthy, low-salt diet
  
• losing weight
  
• being physically active
  
• quitting tobacco.
  

• Eat more vegetables and fruits.
  
• Sit less.
  
• Be more physically active, which can include walking, running, swimming, dancing or activities that build strength, like lifting weights.
  
• Get at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes per week of vigorous aerobic activity.
  
• Do strength building exercises 2 or more days each week.
  
• Lose weight if you’re overweight or obese.
  
• Take medicines as prescribed by your health care professional.
  
• Keep appointments with your health care professional.
  
  
  

• These warning signs of osteoporosis can include:
  
• Losing an inch or more of your height.
  
• Changes in your natural posture (stooping or bending forward more).
  
• Shortness of breath (if disks in your spine are compressed enough to reduce your lung capacity).
  
• Lower back pain (pain in your lumbar spine).
  

• Your sex. Women are much more likely to develop osteoporosis than are men.
  
• Age. The older you get, the greater your risk of osteoporosis.
  
• Race. You're at greatest risk of osteoporosis if you're white or of Asian descent.
  
• Family history. Having a parent or sibling with osteoporosis puts you at greater risk, especially if your mother or father fractured a hip.
  
• Body frame size. Men and women who have small body frames tend to have a higher risk because they might have less bone mass to draw from as they age.
  
  
  

• Exercise
  
• Use vitamin and mineral supplements
  
• The use of medication for osteoporosis
  
  
  

• Always wear your seatbelt.
  
• Wear the right protective equipment for all activities and sports.
  
• Make sure your home and workspace are free from clutter that could trip you or others.
  
• Always use the proper tools or equipment at home to reach things. Never stand on chairs, tables or countertops.
  
• Follow a diet and exercise plan that’s healthy for you.
  
• Use a cane or walker if you have difficulty walking or have an increased risk for falls.
  
  
  

1. Physical Discomfort: Stomach flu often causes symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and fatigue. These symptoms can be uncomfortable and disruptive, making it challenging to carry out daily activities and routines.
   
2. Missed School or Work: Stomach flu can lead to missed days of school or work for both children and adults. When children are sick, parents may need to take time off from work to care for them, resulting in disruptions to work schedules and potential loss of income.