• 1Definitions
• 2Impersonal
• 3Interpersonal
  • 3.1Biological basis
  • 3.2Psychological basis
  • 3.3Evolutionary basis
  • 3.4Adaptive benefit
  • 3.5Comparison of scientific models
• 4Cultural views
  • 4.1Ancient Greek
  • 4.2Ancient Roman (Latin)
  • 4.3Chinese and other Sinic
  • 4.4Japanese
  • 4.5Indian
  • 4.6Persian
• 5Religious views
  • 5.1Abrahamic
  • 5.2Indian
• 6Political views
  • 6.1Free love
• 7Philosophical views
• 8See also
• 9References
• 10Sources
• 11Further reading
• 12External links

कामस्तदग्रे समवर्तताधि मनसो रेतः परथमं यदासीत |
सतो बन्धुमसति निरविन्दन हर्दि परतीष्याकवयो मनीषा ||^[46]

Thereafter rose Desire in the beginning, Desire the primal seed and germ of Spirit,
Sages who searched with their heart's thought discovered the existent's kinship in the non-existent.

— Rig Veda, ~ 15th century BC^[47]

• Agape: In the New Testament, agapē is charitable, selfless, altruistic, and unconditional. It is parental love, seen as creating goodness in the world; it is the way God is seen to love humanity, and it is seen as the kind of love that Christians aspire to have for one another.^[36]
• Phileo: Also used in the New Testament, phileo is a human response to something that is found to be delightful. Also known as "brotherly love."
• Two other words for love in the Greek language, eros (sexual love) and storge (child-to-parent love), were never used in the New Testament.^[36]

• 1Definitions
• 2Impersonal
• 3Interpersonal
  • 3.1Biological basis
  • 3.2Psychological basis
  • 3.3Evolutionary basis
  • 3.4Adaptive benefit
  • 3.5Comparison of scientific models
• 4Cultural views
  • 4.1Ancient Greek
  • 4.2Ancient Roman (Latin)
  • 4.3Chinese and other Sinic
  • 4.4Japanese
  • 4.5Indian
  • 4.6Persian
• 5Religious views
  • 5.1Abrahamic
  • 5.2Indian
• 6Political views
  • 6.1Free love
• 7Philosophical views
• 8See also
• 9References
• 10Sources
• 11Further reading
• 12External links

कामस्तदग्रे समवर्तताधि मनसो रेतः परथमं यदासीत |
सतो बन्धुमसति निरविन्दन हर्दि परतीष्याकवयो मनीषा ||^[46]

Thereafter rose Desire in the beginning, Desire the primal seed and germ of Spirit,
Sages who searched with their heart's thought discovered the existent's kinship in the non-existent.

— Rig Veda, ~ 15th century BC^[47]

• Agape: In the New Testament, agapē is charitable, selfless, altruistic, and unconditional. It is parental love, seen as creating goodness in the world; it is the way God is seen to love humanity, and it is seen as the kind of love that Christians aspire to have for one another.^[36]
• Phileo: Also used in the New Testament, phileo is a human response to something that is found to be delightful. Also known as "brotherly love."
• Two other words for love in the Greek language, eros (sexual love) and storge (child-to-parent love), were never used in the New Testament.^[36]

• 1Etymology
• 2Requirements
• 3Important technological developments
  • 3.1Textile manufacture
  • 3.2Iron industry
  • 3.3Steam power
  • 3.4Machine tools
  • 3.5Chemicals
  • 3.6Cement
  • 3.7Gas lighting
  • 3.8Glass making
  • 3.9Paper machine
  • 3.10Agriculture
  • 3.11Mining
  • 3.12Transportation
  • 3.13Other developments
• 4Social effects
  • 4.1Factory system
  • 4.2Standards of living
  • 4.3Literacy and industrialization
  • 4.4Clothing and consumer goods
  • 4.5Population increase
  • 4.6Urbanization
  • 4.7Effect on women and family life
  • 4.8Labour conditions
  • 4.9Effect on environment
  • 4.10Nations and nationalism
• 5Industrialisation beyond Great Britain
  • 5.1Continental Europe
  • 5.2Japan
  • 5.3United States
• 6Second Industrial Revolution
• 7Causes
  • 7.1Causes in Europe
  • 7.2Causes in Britain
  • 7.3Transfer of knowledge
• 8Criticisms
  • 8.1Individualism humanism and industrial slavery
  • 8.2Primitivism
  • 8.3Pollution and ecological collapse
  • 8.4Opposition from Romanticism
• 9See also
  • 9.1General
• 10Footnotes
• 11References
  • 11.1Further reading
  • 11.2Historiography
• 12External links

• Textiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by steam or water increased the output of a worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased the output of a worker by a factor of over 40.^[34] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.^[22] Large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but they were not as great as in cotton.^[2]
• Steam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so that they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.^[2]:82 The high pressure engine had a high power to weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.^[23] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.
• Iron making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.^[2]:89–93 Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,^[35][36] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to pump water and to power blast air in the mid 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.^[37] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was later improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced a structural grade iron at a lower cost than the finery forge.^[38] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Hot blast (1828) greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production in the following decades.
• Invention of machine tools – The first machine tools were invented. These included the screw cutting lathe, cylinder boring machine and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took several decades to develop effective techniques.^[39]

"A good horse on an ordinary turnpike road can draw two thousand pounds, or one ton. A party of gentlemen were invited to witness the experiment, that the superiority of the new road might be established by ocular demonstration. Twelve wagons were loaded with stones, till each wagon weighed three tons, and the wagons were fastened together. A horse was then attached, which drew the wagons with ease, six miles [10 km] in two hours, having stopped four times, in order to show he had the power of starting, as well as drawing his great load."^[94]

With the rapid growth of towns and cities, shopping became an important part of everyday life. Window shopping and the purchase of goods became a cultural activity in its own right, and many exclusive shops were opened in elegant urban districts: in the Strand and Piccadilly in London, for example, and in spa towns such as Bath and Harrogate. Prosperity and expansion in manufacturing industries such as pottery and metalwares increased consumer choice dramatically. Where once labourers ate from metal platters with wooden implements, ordinary workers now dined on Wedgwood porcelain. Consumers came to demand an array of new household goods and furnishings: metal knives and forks, for example, as well as rugs, carpets, mirrors, cooking ranges, pots, pans, watches, clocks and a dizzying array of furniture. The age of mass consumption had arrived.

— “Georgian Britain, The rise of consumerism“, Dr Matthew White, British Library.^[124]

The industrial revolution changed a mainly rural society into an urban one, but with a strong contrast between northern and southern Belgium. During the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period, Flanders was characterised by the presence of large urban centres [...] at the beginning of the nineteenth century this region (Flanders), with an urbanisation degree of more than 30 per cent, remained one of the most urbanised in the world. By comparison, this proportion reached only 17 per cent in Wallonia, barely 10 per cent in most West European countries, 16 per cent in France and 25 per cent in Britain. Nineteenth century industrialisation did not affect the traditional urban infrastructure, except in Ghent....Also, in Wallonia the traditional urban network was largely unaffected by the industrialisation process, even though the proportion of city-dwellers rose from 17 to 45 per cent between 1831 and 1910. Especially in the Haine, Sambre and Meuse valleys, between the Borinage and Liège, where there was a huge industrial development based on coal-mining and iron-making, urbanisation was fast. During these eighty years the number of municipalities with more than 5,000 inhabitants increased from only 21 to more than one hundred, concentrating nearly half of the Walloon population in this region. Nevertheless, industrialisation remained quite traditional in the sense that it did not lead to the growth of modern and large urban centres, but to a conurbation of industrial villages and towns developed around a coal-mine or a factory. Communication routes between these small centres only became populated later and created a much less dense urban morphology than, for instance, the area around Liège where the old town was there to direct migratory flows.^[189]

• French Revolution and Napoleonic wars (1789–1815),
• industrialisation, along with Britain (1815–1860),
• economic slowdown (1860–1905),
• renewal of the growth after 1905.

• The period of peace and stability which followed the unification of England and Scotland^[2]
• There were no internal trade barriers, including between England and Scotland, or feudal tolls and tariffs, making Britain the "largest coherent market in Europe"^[2]:46
• The rule of law (enforcing property rights and respecting the sanctity of contracts)^[2]
• A straightforward legal system that allowed the formation of joint-stock companies (corporations)^[2]
• Free market (capitalism)^[2]
• Geographical and natural resource advantages of Great Britain were the fact that it had extensive coastlines and many navigable rivers in an age where water was the easiest means of transportation and Britain had the highest quality coal in Europe. Britain also had a large number of sites for water power.^[2]

• Automation
• Capitalist mode of production
• Carboniferous period
• Chinese industrialization
• Deindustrialization
• Digital Revolution
• Division of labour
• Dual revolution
• Economic history of the United Kingdom
• Fourth Industrial Revolution
• History of capitalism
• Hydraulics
• Industrial Age
• Industrial society
• Information revolution
• Laissez-faire
• Law of the handicap of a head start – Dialectics of progress
• Machine Age
• Petroleum Revolution
• The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
• Science and invention in Birmingham
• Steam
• Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution, a good description of the early industrial revolution

1. ^ A transnational corporation differs from a traditional multinational corporation in that it does not identify itself with one national home. While traditional multinational corporations are national companies with foreign subsidiaries, transnational corporations spread out their operations in many countries sustaining high levels of local responsiveness. An example of a transnational corporation is the Royal Dutch Shell corporation whose headquarters may be in The Hague (Netherlands) but its registered office and main executive body is headquartered in London, United Kingdom. Another example of a transnational corporation is Nestlé who employ senior executives from many countries and try to make decisions from a global perspective rather than from one centralized headquarters. While the VOC established its main administrative center, as the second headquarters, in Batavia (Dutch East Indies, 1610–1800), the company's global headquarters was in Amsterdam (Dutch Republic). Also, the company had important operations elsewhere.

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