History of Earth by Nguyễn Đăng Nhật Thông

1. The formation of Earth

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 02:21:25 UTC

The Earth formed over 4.6 billion years ago out of a mixture of dust and gas around the young sun.

Source: https://news.uchicago.edu/explainer/formation-earth-and-moon-explained#:~:text=The%20Earth%20formed%20over%204.6,space%20to%20form%20the%20moon.

2. Chemical evolution

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 02:22:33 UTC

The modern theory of chemical evolution is based on the assumption that on a primitive earth a mixture of simple chemicals assembled into more complex molecular systems, from which, eventually came the first functioning cell(s).

Source:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/chemical-evolution#:~:text=The%20modern%20theory%20of%20chemical,first%20functioning%20cell(s).

3. Origin of cells

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 02:24:45 UTC

First cells on ancient Earth may have emerged because building blocks of proteins stabilized membranes. Life on Earth arose about 4 billion years ago when the first cells formed within a primordial soup of complex, carbon-rich chemical compounds.

Source:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9841/

4. Prokaryotic organisms

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 02:27:16 UTC

Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles. Prokaryotes are divided into two distinct groups: the bacteria and the archaea, which scientists believe have unique evolutionary lineages.

Source:

https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/prokaryote-procariote-18/#:~:text=Prokaryotes%20are%20organisms%20whose%20cells,have%20a%20relatively%20simple%20structure.

5. Photosynthesis

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 02:29:22 UTC

Photosynthesis is a process by which phototrophs convert light energy into chemical energy, which is later used to fuel cellular activities.

Source:

https://byjus.com/biology/photosynthesis/#:~:text=Photosynthesis%20is%20a%20process%20by,from%20water%20and%20carbon%20dioxide.

6. Ozone layer

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 02:30:48 UTC

The ozone layer is one layer of the stratosphere, the second layer of Earth’s atmosphere. The stratosphere is the mass of protective gases clinging to our planet.

Source:

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ozone-layer/

7. Eukaryotic organisms (with nucleus)

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 02:33:45 UTC

Eukaryote, any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus, in which the well-defined chromosomes (bodies containing the hereditary material) are located.

Source:

https://www.britannica.com/science/eukaryote

8. Multicellularity

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 02:41:50 UTC

Multicellularity is the fact of an organism consisting of more than one cell: Plants have evolved their multicellularity completely separately from animals.

Source:

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/multicellularity

9. Invertebrates

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 02:43:32 UTC

An invertebrate is an animal without a backbone. In fact, invertebrates don't have any any bones at all! Invertebrates that you may be familiar with include spiders, worms, snails, lobsters, crabs and insects like butterflies.

Source:

https://butterflies.org/what-is-an-invertebrate/#:~:text=An%20invertebrate%20is%20an%20animal,animals%20with%20backbones%20are%20vertebrates.

10. Sexual reproduction

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 02:45:51 UTC

Sexual reproduction is the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes.

Source:

https://www.britannica.com/science/sexual-reproduction

11. Cambrian explosion

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 02:55:14 UTC

The Cambrian explosion (also known as Cambrian radiation or Cambrian diversification) is an interval of time approximately 538.8 million years ago in the Cambrian period of the early Paleozoic when there was a sudden radiation of complex life, and practically all major animal phyla started appearing in the fossil.

Source:

https://www.britannica.com/science/Cambrian-explosion

12. Vertebrates

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 02:56:33 UTC

A vertebrate is an animal that has a backbone and a skeleton. Vertebrate animals include humans. When you think about vertebrates, think about bones: this word has to do with animals that have a lot of bones, in the form of a skeleton.

Source:

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/vertebrate#:~:text=A%20vertebrate%20is%20an%20animal,which%20protects%20their%20spinal%20cord.

13. The first land plants (mosses and ferns)

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 02:56:53 UTC

The first land plants appeared around 470 million years ago, during the Ordovician period, when life was diversifying rapidly. They were non-vascular plants, like mosses and liverworts, that didn’t have deep roots.

Source:

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21417-first-land-plants-plunged-earth-into-ice-age/#:~:text=The%20first%20land%20plants%20appeared,didn't%20have%20deep%20roots.

14. Fishes

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 03:00:39 UTC

Fish are aquatic vertebrate animals that have gills but lack limbs with digits, like fingers or toes. Recall that vertebrates are animals with internal backbones.

Source:

https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/biological/fish/what-fish#:~:text=Fish%20are%20aquatic%20vertebrate%20animals,are%20animals%20with%20internal%20backbones.

15. Extinction of reptiles (dinosaurs)

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 03:04:44 UTC

Habitat destruction, caused by expanding farmlands, urbanisation and logging, contributes more to the extinction risk of most reptiles than any other factor. Other major threats include the displacement of native reptiles by invasive species and hunting.

Source:

https://theconversation.com/reptiles-why-one-in-five-species-face-extinction-181901#:~:text=Habitat%20destruction%20the%20biggest%20threat,by%20invasive%20species%20and%20hunting.

16. The evolution of birds

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 03:05:00 UTC

Birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs during the Jurassic (around 165–150 million years ago) and their classic small, lightweight, feathered, and winged body plan was pieced together gradually over tens of millions of years of evolution rather than in one burst of innovation.

Source:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982215009458#:~:text=Birds%20evolved%20from%20theropod%20dinosaurs,in%20one%20burst%20of%20innovation.

17. Mammals

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 03:05:18 UTC

A mammal is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia. Mammals are characterized by the presence of milk-producing mammary glands for feeding their young, a neocortex region of the brain, fur or hair, and three middle ear bones.

Source:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal

18. Primates

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 03:06:44 UTC

Biological order that comprises prosimans, monkeys, apes, among which humans. Compared to other mammals, they have large brains, as well as an increased reliance on vision that allows depth perception.

Source:

https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-primates-2060305#:~:text=A%20primate%20is%20any%20mammal,mammals%2C%20after%20rodents%20and%20bats.

19. Modern man (Homo sapiens)

1212100402_ — 2024-05-07 03:06:59 UTC

Modern man is a member of any of the living races of Homo sapiens, characterized by erect bipedal posture, a highly developed brain, and powers of articulate speech, abstract reasoning, and imagination.

Source:

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/modern-man#:~:text=5.,speech%2C%20abstract%20reasoning%2C%20and%20imagination