LESSON 10: The World in Conflict and the Struggle for Peace by Alyssa Bianca Alarcon

LESSON OBJECTIVES

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In this lesson, you are expected to:

analyze the root causes that gave rise to World War I;
describe significant events that transpired during World War I;
assess the effects of World War I;
analyze the efforts of the nations to achieve international peace and prosperity;
analyze the causes that gave rise to World War II;
analyze the significant events that transpired during World War II;
assess the effects of World War II;
reflect critically on learning experiences and processes; and
analyze and evaluate major alternative points of view

THE ROOTS OF THE GREAT WAR

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The Rise of Nationalism and Colonial Rivalries

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Internal Conflicts and Militarism

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LESSON OUTLINE

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1. THE ROOTS OF THE GREAT WAR

The Rise of Nationalism and Colonialism
Internal Conflicts and Militarism
The System of Alliance
The Balkan Conflicts

2. THE GREAT WAR: 1914 TO 1918

The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Declaration of War
The Western Front
The Eastern Front
The Russian Revolution
The United States at War
Final Offensive: 1918
Peace Settements
The League of Nations
The Aftermath of the Great War

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3. WORLD WAR II

The Path to World War II
The Expansion of Nationalism
The Warning of Democracy
Totalitarianism and The Rise of Dictators
New Alliances and the New Asian Order

4. THE EXPANSION OF THE WAR

The War Begins in Europe
Blitzkrieg and The Invasion of Poland
The Battle of Britain
Europe and The Holocaust
The Soviet Invasion

5. THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC

Allied Offensive
Final Years of World War II
The Aftermath of World War II
Devastations Across the World

6. SOCIO-POLITICAL LANDSCAPE AFTER WORLD WAR II

The United Nations

VOCABULARY WORDS

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WORLD WAR I

alliances - an association to further the common interests of the members; specifically : a confederation of nations by treaty.
conscription - compulsory enrollment of persons especially for military service.
isolationism - a policy of national isolation by abstention from alliances and other international political and economic relations.
militarism - a policy of aggressive military preparedness.
nationalism - loyalty and devotion to a nation.
disarmament - to deprive of means, reason, or disposition to be hostile.
League of Nations - political organization established by the Allied powers at the end of World War I.
Socialist Labor Movement - a campaign toward achieving fair labor practices under the guide of equality among members.
Soviets - an elected governmental council in a Communist country.
trench warfare - warfare in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from a relatively permanent system of trenches protected by barbed-wire entanglements.

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WORLD WAR II

Anschluss - union —used especially in reference to the forcible uniting of Germany and Austria in 1938.
atomic bomb - a nuclear weapon.
blitzkrieg - war conducted with great speed and force; specifically : a violent surprise offensive by massed air forces and mechanized ground forces in close coordination.
concentration camp - a camp where persons (such as prisoners of war, political prisoners, or refugees) are detained or confined.
fascism - a tendency toward or actual exercise of strong autocratic or dictatorial control.
genocide - the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group.
Luftwaffe - air force.
Nazism - the body of political and economic doctrines held and put into effect by the Nazis in Germany .
politburo - the principal policy-making and executive committee of a Communist party.
totalitarianism - the political concept that the citizen should be totally subject to an absolute state authority
United Nations - a global organization that brings together its member states to confront common challenges, manage shared responsibilities and exercise collective action in an enduring quest for a peaceful, inclusive and sustainably developing world

IMPORTANT PEOPLE

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WORLD WAR I

Otto Von Bismark
Woodrow Wilson
Tsar Nicholas II
Grigori Rasputin
Constantine I
General Paul von Hindenburg
General John J Pershing
Kaiser Wilhelm II
President Woodrow Wilson
Garivalo Princip
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Vladamir Lenin
Alexander Kerensky
George Clemenceau
Leon Trotsky
Lawrence of Arabia

WORLD WAR II

Adolf Hitler
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Harry Truman
General Hideki Tojo
Joseph Stalin
Benito Mussolini
Winston Churchill
Joe Louis
Hermann Goering
Benito Mussolini
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Harry S. Truman

IMPORTANT EVENTS

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WORLD WAR I

June 28, 1914

Archduke Assassination
Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo. His death is the event that sparks World War I.

Jul 30, 1914

Russia Mobilizes
Russia mobilizes its vast army to intervene against Austria-Hungary in favor of its ally, Serbia. This move starts a chain reaction that leads to the mobilization of the rest of the European Great Powers, and inevitably to the outbreak of hostilities.

Aug 4, 1914

World War I Begins
Germany invades Belgium, beginning World War I.

Apr 22, 1915

Germans Fire
The Germans fire shells filled with chlorine gas at Allied lines. This is the first time that large amounts of gas are used in battle, and the result is the near-collapse of the French lines. However, the Germans are unable to take advantage of the breach.

May 7, 1915

Lusitania Sinks
A German submarine sinks the passenger liner Lusitania. The ship carries 1,198 people, 128 of them Americans.
Sep 18, 1915

Germany Limits Submarines
Reacting to international outrage at the sinking of the Lusitania and other neutral passenger lines, Kaiser Wilhelm suspends unrestricted submarine warfare. This is an attempt to keep the United States out of the war, but it severely hampers German efforts to prevent American supplies from reaching France and Britain.

Sep 15, 1916

First Tanks
The British employ the first tanks ever used in battle, at Delville Wood. Although they are useful at breaking through barbed wire and clearing a path for the infantry, tanks are still primitive and they fail to be the decisive weapon, as their designers thought they would be.

Feb 1, 1917

Submarines Back
Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare in European waterways. This act, more than any other, draws the United States into the war and causes the eventual defeat of Germany.

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Feb 25, 1917

Zimmerman Telegram
British intelligence gives Wilson the so-called Zimmerman Telegram, a message from German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann proposing that Mexico side with Germany in case of war between Germany and the United States. In return, Germany promises to return to Mexico the "lost provinces" of Texas and much of the rest of the American Southwest. Mexico declines the offer, but the outrage at this interference in the Western Hemisphere pushes American public opinion to support entering the war.

Apr 2, 1917

Wilson for War
President Wilson outlines his case for war to Congress.
Apr 6, 1917

U.S. Enters War
Congress authorizes a declaration of war against Germany. The United States enters World War I on the side of France and Britain.

May 18, 1917

Selective Service Act
Congress passes the Selective Service Act authorizing the draft. Although criticized for destroying democracy at home while fighting for it abroad, President Wilson claims he sees no other option and signs the bill into law.

Mar 3, 1918

Germany and Russia Peace
The Germans sign a peace treaty with the new Bolshevik government of Russia. The terms of the treaty give Germany huge tracts of land that had been the Ukraine and Poland, and peace on the Eastern Front allows Germany to shift soldiers to the Western Front, causing serious problems for the French, British, and Americans.

May 28, 1918

Battle of Cantigny
The Battle of Cantigny is the first major American offensive of the war. Though small in scale, the Americans fight bravely and soon go on to larger attacks against German positions.

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Jun 3, 1918

Chateau-Thierry
The Americans attack the Germans at Chateau-Thierry. This battle would morph into the larger Battle of Belleau Wood.

Jun 6, 1918

Battle of Belleau Wood
The Battle of Belleau Wood begins as the U.S. Marine Corps attacks the Germans across an open field of wheat, suffering huge casualties.

Jun 26, 1918

Belleau Wood Ends
The Battle of Belleau Wood ends with the final expulsion of the Germans from the wood, which marks the farthest German advance on Paris. The area has changed hands six times during the three-week battle, which has caused nearly 10,000 American casualties.

Sep 12, 1918

Battle of St. Mihiel
The Battle of St. Mihiel begins when 300,000 American troops under the direct command of General Pershing fling themselves into the German lines.

Nov 9, 1918

Wilhelm Abdicates
Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates, ending all German hope for a victory. He and his retinue quietly slip over the border into the Netherlands where he lives out the remainder of his life in relative peace and writes a self-promoting memoir defending his actions in the war.
Armistice Day
An Armistice is signed ending fighting on the Western Front.

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IMPORTANT EVENTS

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WORLD WAR II

German Anschluss with Austria?
Hitler went ahead with his plans to unify all German-speaking people. He annexed Austria then demanded the liberation of German people in the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. Neville Chamberlain flew to Germany to attempt a settlement before war broke out.

30 Sept 1938

Treaty of Munich
Hitler, Chamberlain, Daladier of France and Mussolini of Italy met in Munich and agreed that Hitler should have the Sudetanland of Czechoslovakia. The Czechs were not represented at the meeting and realising that no country would come to their aid were forced to surrender the Sudetenland to Germany. Hitler assured those at the meeting that this was the extent of his ambitions for expansion. Chamberlain returned to England with a piece of paper signed by Hitler, proclaiming ‘peace in our time.’?

March 1939

Hitler invades Czechoslovakia
Despite the assurances given by Hitler in the Treaty of Munich (Sept 1938), he marched into Czechoslovakia and occupied the country.

March /April 1939

Britain rearms and reassures Poland
Britain had begun re-arming and a highly secret radar early warning system was installed along the east coast. Conscription was introduced and assurances were given to Poland, who was being threatened by the Fuhrer.

late Aug 1939

Russia and Germany sign pact?
Hitler and Stalin signed a non-aggression pact which included secret clauses for the division of Poland.

1 Sept 1939

Hitler invades Poland
Adolf Hitler invaded Poland.

3 Sept 1939

Britain and France declare war on
Britain and France declared war on Germany. Neville Chamberlain broadcast the announcement that the country was at war.

Sept 1939-May 1940

‘Phoney War’
The months following Britain’s declaration of war are referred to as the ‘phoney war’ because Britain saw no military action.

April/May 1940

Hitler invades Denmark and Norway
Hitler invaded and occupied Denmark and Norway to safeguard supply routes of Swedish ore and also to establish a Norwegian base from which to break the British naval blockade on Germany.

10 May 1940

Blitzkrieg
Hitler launched his blitzkrieg (lightning war) against Holland and Belgium. Rotterdam was bombed almost to extinction. Both countries were occupied.

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13 May 1940

Chamberlain resigns
Neville Chamberlain resigned after pressure from Labour members for a more active prosecution of the war and Winston Churchill became the new head of the wartime coalition government. Chamberlain gave Churchill his unreserved support. Ernest Bevin was made minister of labour and recruited workers for the factories and stepped up coal production. Lord Beaverbrook, minister of Aircraft Production increased production of fighter aircraft.

26 May 1940

Dunkirk (Operation Dynamo)
The British commander-in-chief, General Gort, had been forced to retreat to the coast at Dunkirk. The troops waited, under merciless fire, to be taken off the beaches. A call went out to all owners of sea-worthy vessels to travel to Dunkirk to take the troops off the beaches of Dunkirk. More than 338,000 men were rescued, among them some 140,000 French who would form the nucleus of the Free French army under a little known general, Charles de Gaulle.

11 June 1940

Italy enter war on side of Axis powers
Italy entered the war on the side of the Axis powers. Italy’s motive for entering the war was the hope of rich pickings from the spoils of war.?

22 June 1940

France signs armistice with Germany
The French, Marshall Petain, signed an armistice with Germany taking France, which had been devastated, out of the war and into German occupation.?

10 July – 31 October 1940

Battle of Britain
The Battle of Britain comprised four phases:
1. During July Hitler sent his Luftwaffe bombers to attack British ports. His aim was also to assess the speed and quality of response by the RAF.?
2. During August the attacks on shipping continued but bombing raids were concentrated on RAF airfields.
3. The Blitz – From September 7th the city of London was heavily bombed. Hitler hoped to destroy the morale of the British people.
4. Night Bombing – With the failure of daylight bombing raids Hitler began a series of nightly bombing raids on London and other important industrial cities.
The RAF defended the skies and by October 31 the raids had ceased.

22 Sept 1940

Tripartite Pact
This pact of mutual alliance was signed by Germany, Italy and Japan.

December 1940

British rout Italians in N. Africa
Italian forces in North Africa were routed by the British led by General Wavell.

early 1941

Italy and Germany attack Yugoslavia
German and Italian troops attacked Yugoslavia, Greece and the island of Crete. German field Marshall Erwin Rommel led the axis powers back to North Africa.

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22 June 1941 |

Hitler attacks Russia – Operation Barbarossa |
Hitler sent 3 million soldiers and 3,500 tanks into Russia. The Russians were taken by surprise as they had signed a treaty with Germany in 1939. Stalin immediately signed a mutual assistance treaty with Britain and launched an Eastern front battle that would claim 20 million casualties. The USA, which had been supplying arms to Britain under a ‘Lend-Lease’ agreement, offered similar aid to USSR.

7 Dec 1941 |

Pearl Harbor |
The Japanese, who were already waging war against the Chinese, attacked the US pacific fleet at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, as a preliminary to taking British, French and Dutch colonies in South East Asia.

8 Dec 1941 |

Britain and US declare war on Japan |

Britain and the United States declared war on Japan.

Feb 1942 |

Japanese take Singapore |
The Japanese captured Singapore from the British, taking some 60,000 prisoners.

June 1942 |

Battle of Midway |

The USA defeated the Japanese navy at the Battle of Midway. Following this victory, the US navy was able to push the Japanese back.

Aug 1942 |

Allies in N. Africa |
General Alexander was given a hand-written directive from Churchill ordering that his main directive was to be the destruction of the German-Italian army commanded by Field-Marshall Rommell together with all its supplies and establishments in Egypt and Libya. As soon as sufficient material had been built up, Alexander handed the campaign over to General Montgomery.

23 Oct 1942 |

Battle of El Alamein |
Montgomery attacked the German-Italian army in North Africa with a massive bombardment followed by an armoured attack. He then proceeded to chase the routed enemy some 1500 miles across the desert.

Nov 1942 |

Battle of Stalingrad |
The Russians won their first victory against Germany at the Battle of Stalingrad.

Nov 1942 |

Allies push into N. Africa |
British and American forces under the command of General Dwight Eisenhower landed in the NW of Africa and assumed control of French Morocco and Algeria. They gradually closed in on the Germans.

May 12 1943 |

Axis surrender N Africa |
The British and American forces managed to defeat the Axis forces in North Africa

July 1943 |

Allies invade Sicily |
British and US forces invaded Sicily.

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Aug 1943 |

Allies take Sicily |
The allied troops had won the island of Sicily.

3 Sept 1943 |

Italy surrenders |
Mussolini had been thrown out of office and the new government of Italy surrendered to the British and the USA. They then agreed to join the allies. The Germans took control of the Italian army, freed Mussolini from imprisonment and set him up as head of a puppet government in Northern Italy. This blocked any further allied advance through Italy.

Nov 1943 |

Allies meet at Tehran |
Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill met to co-ordinate plans for a simultaneous squeeze on Germany. They also discussed post war settlements. Churchill mistrusted Stalin; Roosevelt anxious to show that the West would not stand against Russia, went along with Stalin’s wishes for a second front in France and no diversions further east. Churchill was over-ruled and the fate of post-war Eastern Europe was thus decided.

Jan 1944 |

Leningrad relieved |
The siege of Leningrad was lifted by the Soviet army.

June 1944 |

Rome liberated |
Although Italy had surrendered in September, it was only now that the allies were able to liberate Rome from the Germans.

6 June 1944 |

D-Day |
The allies launched an attack on Germany’s forces in Normandy, Western France. Thousands of transports carried an invasion army under the supreme command of general Eisenhower to the Normandy beaches. The Germans who had been fed false information about a landing near Calais, rushed troops to the area but were unable to prevent the allies from forming a solid bridgehead. For the allies it was essential to first capture a port.

July 1944

| Japanese evicted from Burma |
British forces under General Slim, with help from guerrilla-fighting Chindits led by Orde Wingate, evicted the Japanese from Burma.

25 Aug 1944 |

Paris liberated |
The French capital of Paris was liberated from the Germans.

8 Sept 1944 |

V2 Flying Bombs |
The first V2 flying bombs killed three people in London.

Dec 1944 |

Battle of the Bulge |
Germany launched its final defensive through the Ardennes region of Belgium. However, they were beaten back by the allies.

March 1945 |

Allies cross the Rhine |
The Allies crossed the Rhine while Soviet forces were approaching Berlin from the East.

April 1945 |

Death of Roosevelt |
President Roosevelt died. He was succeeded by President Truman.

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April 1945 |

Russians reach Berlin |
The Russians reached Berlin shortly before the US forces.

28 April 1945 |

Mussolini captured and executed |
Italian partisans captured Mussolini and executed him.

30 April 1945 |

Hitler commits suicide |
The German leader, Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his bombproof shelter together with his mistress, Eva Braun, who he had, at the last minute, made his wife.

2 May 1945 |

German forces surrender |
German forces in Italy surrendered to the Allies.

4 May 1945 |

German forces surrender |
German forces in north west Germany, Holland and Denmark surrendered to Montgomery on Luneburg Heath. Admiral Donitz, whom Hitler had nominated as his successor, tried to reach agreement to surrender to the Western allies but to continue to fight the Russians. His request was refused.

7 May 1945 |

Donitz offers unconditional surrender |
Hitler’s successor, Admiral Donitz, offerred an unconditional surrender to the allies.

8 May 1945 |

V.E. day |
Victory in Europe was celebrated.

5 July 1945 |

Churchill loses election |
Winston Churchill lost the election to Clement Atlee’s Labour Party. The Labour party promised sweeping social reforms including nationalisation of the coal and railway industries and the creation of a welfare state. The Labour party gained 393 seats to the Conservatives 213. It was generally accepted that the landslide victory for Labour was due to the men and women of the armed services who did not want to resume civilian life under the conditions that they had before they entered service.?

6 Aug 1945 |

Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima |
The Japanese generals refused to surrender. The US dropped an atomic bomb on the island of Hiroshima.

8 Aug 1945 |

Russia declares war on Japan |
Russia declared war on Japan and invaded Japanese-ruled Manchuria.

9 Aug 1945 |

Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki |
The US dropped an atomic bomb on the island of Nagasaki as the Japanese had not surrendered following Hiroshima.

14 Aug 1945 |

Japanese surrender |
The Japanese unconditionally surrendered to the allies ending the second world war.

2 Sept 1945 |

MacArthur accepts Japan’s surrender |
aUS General, Douglas MacArthur, accepted Japan’s surrender thus formally ending the second world war.

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LESSON SUMMARY

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The root of rivalries between European powers in the 1800 was the rise of nationalism.
Nationalism brewed tension between nations such as France and Germany, with the defeat of the French in The Franco-Prussian war, leading to the formation ans strengthening of the German Reich.

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The rise in nationalism also inspired other European ethnic minorities to rise up and free themselves

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Instead of promoting peaceful coexistence among European nation-states, nationalism forged rivalries due to:

increasing industrialization
naval supremacy
colonialism
international trade

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Clamor for ideologies, such as the socialist labor movement, caused rampant violence due to unfair labor practices.

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Class warfare shook the balance of power held conservative leader classes.

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In order to avoid bloodshed within the citizens, conservative leaders were encouraged to regain control through the idea of unifying the nation by plunging into war.

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Between 1870 and 1914, military spending increased, doubling the size of European armies

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With the rise of militarism, generals gained more power, influencing major political decisions of the time

The System of Alliances

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In 1800s, the major European powers organized themselves in case war breaks out.
Major alliances were created in order to protect similar interests between nation-states

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In the interest of keeping French aggression at bay, Otto Von Bismarck, negotiated the establishment of the League of Three Emperors in 1863.

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The Triple Alliance, composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, and the Triple Entente, shaped the dangerous balance of power in Europe in the onset of the 20th century.

The Balkan Conflicts

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The decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century created a power vacuum in its territories in the Balkans.
Tensions did not subside as the influence of Russia and Austria-Hungary strengthened the region.
Historians now call the Balkans the "power keg of Europe"

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The treaty Berlin of 1878 provided in Austria-Hungary a firm succession of power in the region with the right to administer Bosnia and Herzegovina. Later on, the empire officially annexed the nation giving rise to he conflict known as the Bosnian Crisis.

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After the establishment of the Balkan League, the nations of Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro attacked the Ottoman Empire. This was also known as the First Balkan War.

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However, due to the unsettled talks of peace and growing dissent among the victors regarding the spoils of war in Macedonia, the Second Balkan War erupted the year after.
Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece but lost after 33 days dissolving the Balkan League.

THE GREAT WAR: 1914 TO 1918

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The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

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Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and his wife Sophia, the Duchess of Hohenberg, visited the Bosnian capital city of Sarajevo to open a state museum.

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The Black Hand, a terrorist organization who wanted an independent Bosnia, threw a bomb at the archdukes's car on the morning of June 28 but failed to assassinated him

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Later that day, after visiting the patients at the Sarajevo hospital who were wounded in the failed assassination attempt, the Archduke and his wife were shot by a 19-year old Bosnian Serb Gavrilo.

Declarations of War

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Franz Joseph I, emperor of Austria-Hungary, sought its German allies by writing to Kaiser Wilhem II of Germany for support. Germany responded with a "black check".

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The Austro-Hungarians reacted by giving Serbia a list of demands. Since these demands were too extreme, Serbia rejected them in the interest of sovereignty. On

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On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Germany called on Russia to cancel the order or face the imminent declaration of war, which latter ignored.
On August 1, Germany declared war against Russian Czar.

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Germany foreseeing the possibility of a two-front war, carries out the Schliefflen plan against both Russia and France.

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However, the aggression between the two sides-The Allied Powers, and The Central Powers, provided to be unstoppable. With the system of alliance in full operation and nationalistic propaganda spreading within national borders, the Great war has begun.

The Western Front

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The Eastern Front

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The Schlieffen Plan aimed to surround the French city of Paris, dealing a critical blow to the French Army.

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The German defeat at the Battle of Marne ended the Plan, dealing a critical blow to the hope of a quick victory

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As a product of the Industrial Revolution, both Allied and Central powers were evenly matched using:

barbed wires
artillery
machine guns
rifles
land mines

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Most of the tactics involved a strong defense under trenches-dug-out ditches used as war shelter. Between the trenches both camps is a "no man's land".

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Life in the western front proved even more difficult.
The Battle of Verdun and the Battle of Somme, proved to be some of the most futile operations, shelling out casualties that number to the hundreds of thousands without any positive results.

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Italy betrayed the Central Powers by attacking Austria in May 1915. Italy had been a loose ally of Germany and Austria-Hungary, thereby weakening the front.

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To salvage Austrian defeat against Russia, a coalition of German-Austrian troops stormed the Russian army in Galicia and drove the offensive troo

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Because of the successful campaign of the Central Powers in the Eastern Front, Bulgaria joined the alliance and attacked Serbia, dealing a critical blow that eliminated the nation from the war.

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With this victory, the Central Powers led by the Germans, shifted its resources westward where it was much needed.

The Russian Revolution

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The United States at War

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Known as the March revolution, the Russian working class demanded for "Peace and Bread" and the dissolution of the tsarist government.

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To salvage its humiliating defeat against the Germans, the provisional government decide to remain in Word War I.
However, the morale of the Russian army remained low and the Russian masses were still dissatisfied.

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This resulted into the rising of another challenge to the newly established Russian authority led by the representatives of the working class, know as the soviets.

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One important group, known as the Bolsheviks under the leadership of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, alias Lenin, gave rise to Marxism in Russia.

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On March 3, 1918, Lenin negotiated a peace treaty with Germany, The treaty of Brest-Litsovsk. With the signing of the treaty, Russia was officially out of World War I.

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President Woodrow Wilson of the United States of America proclaimed neutrality when the war broke out in August 1914.

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In the early years of the Great War, Britain imposed a naval blockade of Germany and Austria, cutting vital supplies in the process.
In return, Germany made use of submarines caleed the U-boat.

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On May 1915, the Germans torpedoed an American tanker ans sank the British passenger ship RMS Lusitania.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-05 14:22:38 UTC

On April 2, 1917, Woodrow Wilson cancelled all diplomatic ties with Germany and asked the US Congress to declare war, which the legislative body approved.
American reinforcements were sent to Europe in support of the Allies as the US mobilized its troops during the first half of 1917.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-05 14:24:06 UTC

Wanting to break the stalemate against Britain by December of 1916, Germany reinstituted its unrestricted submarine warfare thinking that the British would surrender.

The End of the Great War

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Final offensive:1918

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Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 04:57:01 UTC

For the first time in the history of warfare, airplanes took flight on the battlefront.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 04:57:48 UTC

By 1915, airplanes were used to attack ground targets, which at the time of trench warfare, seemed impossible.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 04:58:48 UTC

Tanks and poisonous gasses also became critical weapons in the resolution of the Great Wa

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 05:05:35 UTC

With the withdrawal of the Russians fro the War, Allied victory seemed at a loss.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 05:06:19 UTC

However, with the entry of the United States a year earlier, supported by tank warfare, German forces were defeated at the Second Battle of Marne on July 18, 1918

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 05:07:44 UTC

The Empire finally collapsed with the declaration of independence of

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 05:07:58 UTC

On November 11 at 11 in the morning, the new German government signed the armistice agreement, a document officially ending World War I.

Peace Settlements

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 05:10:11 UTC

The League of Nations

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 05:10:34 UTC

The Aftermath of the Great War

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Coupled with the desire to reorganize and establish peace between nations, the victors met at Paris Peace Conference in 1919 to settle terms for world peace.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 07:14:23 UTC

The men who facilitated Paris Peace Conference, known as the "Big Four"

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 07:15:30 UTC

The highlight of the Paris Peace Conference revolved around Wilson's FOURTEEN POINTS, which focused on Five Major Tenants to enduring peace.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 07:16:53 UTC

Bitterness grew among powers, especially with France who suffered most from German aggression.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 07:17:38 UTC

The air of revenge and the fear of German backlashed ensued.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 07:20:57 UTC

The most important treaty is the Treaty of Versailles.
Germany felt dissatisfied with the treaty. It imposed all war guilt on Germany and Austria-Hungary, forcing them to pay reparations to Allied Powers.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 07:31:03 UTC

In the place of old European empires, sprang new states, most of which were democracies.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 07:34:18 UTC

Germany faced a major financial crisis which encouraged a passive resistance to the French reparations agreement

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 07:35:12 UTC

The government, in order to pay war debt and the restless labor force, started printing paper money without any metal backing.
Levied taxes were increased, eventually causing a massive rise in general prices, called inflation

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 07:37:21 UTC

To battle these problems, Germany introduced reforms and implemented economic nationalism.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 07:44:51 UTC

On January 25, 1919, the Paris Peace Conference created the inter-nation peace-keeping organization called the League of Nations.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 07:46:13 UTC

By January 10 of the following year, the League was established with 42 member states. The League aims, as stated in its Covenant.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 07:47:53 UTC

The League proved to be weak. One of the major reasons for its failure if the decision against membership by the United States.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 07:48:41 UTC

The US Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, which weakened the effectiveness of the League.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 07:49:35 UTC

Tsarist Russia fell into civil war, eventually leading to the rise of the Communists.

WORLD WAR

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The Path to World War II

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World War started out because of conflicting ideologies that set nations pitting against each other.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 08:38:14 UTC

Fragile peace treaties did not protect much of Europe and the Great Depression agitated much of the masses leading them to seek out new and stronger leadership

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 08:39:19 UTC

Continued extreme nationalistic sentiments, the warning of democracy, and the rise of dictators formed new alliances

The Expansion of Nationalism

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The Ottoman Empire was known as the "sick man of Europe"

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 08:46:24 UTC

The British, with efforts of T. E. Lawrence, supported Arabian nationalist movements against the Ottoman Turks as a retaliation against the Empire's alliance with Germany.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 08:48:03 UTC

This led to the Arab Revolt of 1916-1918, eventually leading to the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of Middle Eastern States, under the leadership of Reza Shah.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 08:49:32 UTC

Mohandas Gandhi led the reform movements in India against the British Crown with non-cooperation and civil disobedience as major platform leading to the Indian Independence Movement.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 08:51:08 UTC

In Japan, the growing economic inequalities due to the corruption of the zaibatsu under western models, encouraged the Japanese masses to go back to traditional Japanese ideals.

The Waning of Democracy

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 08:54:38 UTC

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Tensions between socioeconomic classes resulted in encouraging the masses to seek for reforms.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 08:57:00 UTC

Most democracies fell under the impact of the Great Depression.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 08:57:25 UTC

European and Asian communists parties arose as a response to call against the continued struggles resulting from western imperialism.

Totalitarianism and The Rise of Dictators

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 08:59:10 UTC

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:01:16 UTC

With nationalistic sentiment, the existence of weakened democracies, and the impact of the Great Depression on the masses, the clamor of people for stronger leadership grew.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:02:55 UTC

In Italy, dictatorship was inevitable Divisions due to economic inequalities between industrial and agricultural classes caused strife to Italians.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:04:10 UTC

Any opposition against the government or its leader is not tolerated.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:04:46 UTC

In Russia, a power struggle began in the politburo, the decision-making committee of the Communist Party after the death of Lenin in 1924.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:05:55 UTC

The rivalry between politburo leaders, such as Leon Trotsky, gave rise to another powerful dictator, Joseph Stalin

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:06:55 UTC

Probably, the strongest among dictators is Adolf Hitler.
A soldier himself during World War I, Hitler entered the German political scene campaigning against communism and democracy, much like the Fascist movement.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:08:54 UTC

His force in full motion, any opposition were sent to concentration camps.
Most of the people sent to these camps were Jews and other undesired individuals due to heightened Anti-Semtism

New Alliances and the New Asian Order

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:14:14 UTC

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Nazism gave Germany a new sense of power and a need to expand under the banner of social Darwinism

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:16:51 UTC

In 1933, Hitler withdrew from the League of Nations, causing concern among member-states. Hitler started increasing military spending through the expansion of the German army.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:19:07 UTC

Hitler also committed another violation of the Treaty by sending troops to Rhineland

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:19:54 UTC

Meanwhile, the Japanese determination to dominate Asia as a super power began with the invasion of Manchuria.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:20:55 UTC

By November of 1936, having the same interest of limiting communist expansion and military expansionist programs, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:22:20 UTC

With the Tripartite Pact of 1940, a new powerful alliance was formed, the Axis Powers.

THE EXPANSION OF THE WAR 1939 to 1945

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With successive victories, the threat of World War II expanded.

The War Begins in Europe

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Under pressure from Hitler's Anschluss or unionist campaign, Austria was officially annexed by Germany

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:33:47 UTC

This began a series of campaigns to recover German territories lost in World War I.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:34:45 UTC

In order to avoid Hitler's threat of another world war, British Prime Minister and others met with Hitler in the Munich Conference to appease and make concessions.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:37:12 UTC

Through his successive victories, Hitler, known to his people as Fuhrer or Great Leader, declared himself as the most powerful German

Blitzkrieg and The Invasion of Poland

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:38:37 UTC

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:41:51 UTC

Hitler's next move was to invade the City of Danzig in Poland

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:42:35 UTC

By September 1, 1939, German forces marched and invaded Poland.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:44:20 UTC

The Blitzkrieg or "lightning war" became a successful tactic in invading Poland.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:45:48 UTC

German forces marched through Paris.
The French, asked for an armistice agreement with Germany in Compiegne because of the humiliating loss.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:48:03 UTC

The US, under President Roosevelt, denounced the German act but remained neutral.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:48:49 UTC

Hitler then focused on invading Britain.

The Battle of Britain

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:50:13 UTC

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:52:02 UTC

A new prime minister Winston Churchill rallied the British people under the call for "blood, sweat, and tears" and to "never surrender".
The German air force bombed British air and naval bases as an aerial invasion of Britain.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:54:14 UTC

The British through the intercession of Churchill, sought support from the US and began receiving American assistance.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:55:19 UTC

Hitler cancelled the British invasion; however, much of western Europe was under the control of the Axis Powers.

Europe and The Holocaust

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:57:00 UTC

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 09:59:10 UTC

Children were not spared from the horrors of the Holocaust. They were starved, forced into labor, and killed

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:00:41 UTC

Probably the most terrifying event in the history of mankind.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:01:18 UTC

Followed the Nazi belief of Aryan supremacy and racism, Hitler unveiled his "Final Solution" against unclean races-the extermination of the Jews or genocide-whom he believed are to be blamed for the war.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:08:49 UTC

With Hitler controlling much of Europe, the implementation of several policies of terror began.

The Soviet Invasion

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:11:32 UTC

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:14:19 UTC

In order to prevent any retaliation by the Soviet Union and to seize valuable resources such as farmland and oil fields, he launched a surprise invasion on Soviet soil, under Operation Barbarossa

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:16:19 UTC

Hitler sent about three million German soldiers, providing effective against Soviet defenses.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:17:16 UTC

In a matter of four months, the Germans gained control over the Ukraine, Leningrad, and the Soviet capital city, Moscow

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:18:43 UTC

Despite preventing German troops, the siege of the Soviet Union resulted in Germany controlling large parts of the country.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:20:03 UTC

The commander of the German troops eventually sought permission from Hitler to retreat.
Hitler declined the offer and by February 1943, the last of the German troops were defeated by the Soviets

THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC

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Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:28:46 UTC

When General Hideki Tojo became the new Japanese Prime Minister, he sent envoys to negotiate, a continued trade deal and to prevent the entry of the US into war.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:32:24 UTC

The Japanese believed that the only way to prevent further intervention of US forces against Japanese aggression in Southeast Asia was to conduct a surprise attack, delivering a knockout blow.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:33:43 UTC

On the early morning of December 7, 1941, 360 Japanese aircrafts attacked Pearl Harbor, a very important Pacific naval base in Hawaii.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:35:28 UTC

Three days later, Germany and Italy declared war against US.
With the inclusion of the United States in the Asian theater, World War II became truly global war.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:39:11 UTC

To meet its growing demand for war resources such as rubber, oil, and metals, Japan mobilized its troops in southeast asia.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:40:20 UTC

Japan dominated much of Asia. With the rising support of anti-colonialists in many nations in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, it became easy for Japanese to impose their policies. However these policies caused more hardships to the occupied ares that eventually, the true nature of Japanese occupation surfaces

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:43:45 UTC

Furthermore, Japanese soldiers often committed war atrocities such as massive tortures, rape of women, and looting.
Most of these labor camps had inhumane working conditions leading to massive deaths

Allied Offensive

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:46:26 UTC

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:48:13 UTC

The attack on Pearl Harbor unified American sentiments leading them to join the war.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:49:04 UTC

With the inclusion of the United States a new alliance was created together with Britain and the Soviet Union-THE GRAND ALLIANCE.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:50:06 UTC

The second half of the World War II can be described as a turning point.
As the war progressed, the large armies of Germany and Japan proved useless in a long-term battle.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:51:32 UTC

Three battles became crucial in Allied Victory in its offensives against Axis Powers.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:52:23 UTC

Hitler felt they were no match against the rising Allied forces

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:54:10 UTC

The ultimate goal was to slowly advance and cripple Japanese resources pushing them back until prompt invasion of the Japanese homeland.
On October 1944, General MacArthur finally fulfilled his promise to return to the Philippines

Final Years of World War II

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:56:49 UTC

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:58:28 UTC

On May 13, 1943, Axis forces in Tunisia surrendered to the Allies, giving valuable entry point to Italy.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 10:59:26 UTC

After much resistance with the aid of the Germans in the northern hills of Rome, the Allied forces pushed northwards, capturing the city on June 4, 1944, the first to be liberated from Axis powers

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:01:27 UTC

With massive advances of Allied forces since the autumn of 1943, the implementation of D-Day, otherwise known as Operation Overlord or the Normandy landings, a plan to free France and the rest of Western Europe began.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:03:28 UTC

With the liberation of the French, Hitler was fighting a three-front war: Eastern Europe, Italy in the South, and Western Europe, ushering the beginning of the End of the War in Europe.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:05:55 UTC

Because of the successive losses, Hitler hid 55 meters deep under the city of Berlin, commanding the remaining Nazi forces there.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:07:23 UTC

Two days later, Hitler committed suicide, and unconditional surrender was inevitable; Germany proclaimed defeat on May 7, 1945, officially ending World War II

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:09:03 UTC

As the US advanced against Japanese forces, Truman, had a difficult task at hand to finally end the war in the Pacific or find a suitable tactic to deal a critical blow.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:10:31 UTC

On August 10, Japan accepted the terms of the Potsdam, Conference.
September 2, 1945, MacArthur accepted the surrender of the Japanese and officially ended the war in the Pacific.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:11:53 UTC

After 6 years and 1 day, World War II finally ended.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:14:14 UTC

The Aftermath of World War II

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One of the deadliest of human conflicts, World War II influenced the political ties that can sill be felt in modern international relations.

Devastations Across the World

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Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:20:12 UTC

It is estimated that 75 million people died.
The Holocaust alone claimed around 6 million Jews. War criminals were tried of their war crimes such as the Holocaust trials at Nuremberg, Germany in 1945.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:22:33 UTC

New national lines resulted into new tensions against minoritie

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:23:09 UTC

At the end of WWII, as much as 70% of industrial infrastructure was destroyed.

SOCIO-POLITICAL LANDSCAPE AFTER WORLD WAR II

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Nationalism became a widespread phenomenon, encouraging national lines to act, seeking independence much like decolonization that followed most of the Southeast Asian nations that were former colonies of the west

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:28:40 UTC

Two nations rose to power-the US and the Soviet Union-upon the successive losses of Western Europe

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:29:30 UTC

Upon defeat, Germany was divided into two: The Federal Republic of Germany in the West and the German Democratic Republic in the East under the agreement that was reached in the Potsdam Conference.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:31:36 UTC

Asia was also divided into Western and Eastern spheres of influence

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:32:04 UTC

Due to highly industrialist programs in the US and UK, population grew and production experienced new heights.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:33:28 UTC

Society also changed its perception of human rights because of war atrocities.
Voting rights expanded and slowly created a movement that would eventually allow every citizen of any country equal voting rights.

The United Nations

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:35:07 UTC

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:37:52 UTC

Nations across the world grew tired of fighting especially considering the loss of life and resources.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:38:44 UTC

From August 21 to October 7, 1944, talks of peace and international cooperation began.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:40:19 UTC

The proposals, based on a system of trusteeship, formed the basis for the San Francisco Conference in April, thus creating the United Nations Charter.

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:41:54 UTC

The Charter, which was signed by the original 51 member states on June 26, 1945, states the aims of the United Nation

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:43:43 UTC

Three years later, in Paris, the nations of the world adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a document that protects all mankind against the atrocities and violations committed both in times of war and in peace.

REFLECTION

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:46:40 UTC

While I was creating this padlet about the World Wars, I get to know and discover more about what really happened and the people involved.

I got to know and learned the destruction and how was it way back in the years. And how we all managed to get along in the end and had the United Nations.

A lot of sacrifices were made and everything costed people lives. The miserable days, now we learn from it all and change.
And now, I am grateful for today, I stand in a place that is united and less destruction. People now work hard together to earn and fulfill their needs.

We may experience loss and destruction of our place, but at least now we may know how to make it better and solve the problems without much fight.

REFERENCES

Alyssa_Alarcon — 2018-05-06 11:58:21 UTC

RBS Social Studies Series, Turning Points World History, Revised Edition 2017, ISBN 978-971-23-8557-5
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary
https://quizlet.com/9764655/important-people-in-world-war-1-flash-cards/
https://icss.uni.edu/timeline/10people.html
http://www.historyrocket.com/World-War/world-war-i/Important-People-In-World-War-One.html
https://www.shmoop.com/wwi/timeline.html
https://www.historyonthenet.com/world-war-2-timeline-2/