• inclusiveness

  > to ensure that all views are represented including those of minorities

• stopping & checking

  > stop and check your understanding to prevent misinterpretation of what others might have said

• listening intently

  > take time to listen to what others have to say, including views that may be of contrary to yours

• emotions regulation

  > be aware of others' emotions and take actions to safeguard goodwill

• tone regulation

  > manage your tone and use neutral and respectful language

1. Definition

   > viewing the situation from another point of view rather than your own

2. Process

   > put yourself in someone else's position and imagine their feelings, thoughts and actions

3. Benefits

   > gain better understanding of others' motives and adjust your behavior accordingly

Strategies for Perspective-taking:

1. Open-mindedness

2. Awareness

3. Reframing

4. Stop and checking

Perspective-taking can be applied to local and global issues (eg. complexities and trade-offs that are reflected in the governance of Singapore)

There are 4 different levels:

• Personal level

• Social level

• National level

• Global Level

Looking at issues from different levels & perspectives

1. Multi-perspective thinking

2. Individual vs National

3. National Service Example

4. Balanced view

eg.

• nationality

• society

• family

• loved ones

• ethnicity

• race

• beliefs & ideologies

• culture

• appearance

Personal Identity:

How you see yourself as "different" from those around you in characteristics such as hobbies, education, interests, personality traits and so on.

Social Identity:

Identity that you share with similar group members that tell you how you are like others and where similarities imply on rather than differences. They often create categories such as "ingroups" and "outgroups", "those" "us" and "them" groups.

using an iceberg to represent identity:

Above waterline: aspects of identity that is VISIBLE

At waterline: visible or defined through documents or in law

Below the water line: NOT VISIBLE to others, like value and beliefs

In-group - group of people who identify with each other based on shared qualities, such as religion, race, gender, place of residence, etc.

Out-group - consists of people who do not share that quality.

These self-categorizations highlight and reinforce the similarities and differences between groups and often promote an "us versus them" mentality.

To overcome, avoid seeing people through a single lens and treat groups as homogenous.

Bias: attitude or predisposition toward or against a particular group based on stereotypes.

Stereotypes -> thinking, biases -> emotional

Implicit/unconscious bias - unconscious personal experiences and societal norms, influencing perceptions and judgements without our awareness

eg. negative opinion of 70 y/o because older adults are negatively viewed in general

Explicit/conscious bias - clear conscious judgement about groups of people based on their identity

eg. excluding someone from social activities because they are different from you

Confirmation bias - seeking out information that confirms existing beliefs while ignoring or dismissing contradictory evidence

Halo effect - letting a single positive trait or characteristic influence our overall perception of a person

To avoid biasness, be aware of our own biases and foster self-reflection and challenge our preconceived notions.

Discrimination: unjust treatment of people based on the group or classes they belong to, often when we fear or misunderstand someone different from us, we treat them differently.

To avoid discrimination, support fir diverse races in the community by celebrating together with them during special festivities.

Consequences of stereotyping on social media:

• Rise of cancellation

  downfall of target's reputation or livelihood

• Formation of Tribes

  form tribes or social groups with behavior and attitudes that stem from strong loyalty through shared common ideas and allegiances

• Emergence of Polarization

  people with different views divide into opposing groups, at times with directed personal attacks from one group to the other

People are inherently tribal and gravitate towards forming groups with those who are like them. Some examples of “tribes”: fans of sporting clubs.

1. Gender Stereotypes

   • Traditional Gender Roles

     media portray women as caregivers, homemakers and emotionally expressive while men are leaders, providers and stoic

   • The Pink and Blue Divide

     marketing often uses pink for girls and blue for boys

   • Objectification and Sexualization

     women frequently objectified and sexualized in media, reducing their to their physical attributes and reinforcing a narrow definition of femineity

2. Racial Bias

   • Microaggressions

     rude jokes or mocking of accent as a "joke"

   • Criminalization

     ethnic minorities often over presented in medial as criminals, contributing to negative perceptions and stereotypes about their criminality

   • Exoticism and Otherness

     ethnic minorities sometimes portrayed as exotic or "others", distancing them from the majority

   
   

3. Ageism

   • Workplace Ageism

     stereotype that older employees aren't tech-savvy or open to learning new things, leading to limited employment and professional development opportunities

   • Negative Stereotypes

     older adults often portrayed as frail, forgetful or incompetent, leading to discrimination through stereotypes