In 1896 the armed struggle began in Manila and quickly spread throughout the country. Aguinaldo defeated Spanish forces in several battles and rose to become the leader of Katipunan. Aguinaldo had Bonifacio arrested and executed in 1897. When the United States and Spain went to war over Cuba, the Philippines joined the side of the U.S. On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippine islands, and in January 1899 he became the president. While the Filipinos believed that a U.S. defeat of Spain would lead to a free Philippines, the U.S. refused to recognize the new government. Outraged by the betrayal, the Philippine republic declared war on the United States. Emilo Aguinaldo, after fighting with the U.S. against Spain, was captured by the U.S. military in 1901 and declared allegiance to the United States. By the end of the Philippine War in 1902, more 40,000 Filipinos and 4,000 American soldiers were dead.

When Guido de Lavezaris replaced Legazpi as Governor General of the Philippines, he revoked their exemptions from paying tribute and confiscated their lands. Father Martin convinced Lakandula and Soliman to abort the revolt and promised to grant their privileges. Nevertheless, Soliman continued his revolt which was brutally crushed in 1574.

20 Spanish Governor Generals failed to stop this rebellion. 1827 – Gov. Manuel Ricafort ordered 2,200 Filipino Spanish troops to attack the Bohol patriots. But failed. 1828-1829 – another attack was made. After years of fighting the patriots were finally defeated. Dagohoy died 2 years before the Filipino Patriots were defeated. 19,000 survivors were pardoned and allowed to live in a new villages. (Batuan, Bililihan, Cabulao, Catigoian, Vilar.

independence of his people and made Vigan the capital of free Ilocos. May 28,1763 – D. Silang was killed by an assasin. Miguel

Vicos – the assasin who shoot Silang in his back. D.Silang died in the arms of his wife Gabriela.

Gabriela Silang – continued the revolt. - She won many battles. - She was called “Joan of Arc of the Ilocos”. - But Gabriela was defeated and executed at Vigan on September 10, 1763.

Sumuroy hated the system of POLO (forced labor). Sumuroy and his men set up a free government in the mountains of Samar. On July, 1650, the government troops attacked Sumuroy’s camp. Sumuroy was caught alive and executed.

After some battles, the leaders were shot and exiled. Others were pardoned after they surrendered. King Philip IV ordered the priest to return the stolen land to the Filipinos. But the Spanish priest appealed the case and later won. During American Era, American

authorities bought the friar lands owned by religious orders. The land were subdivided and sold to Filipino farmers.

officials did not allow any other religion. So they banned his religion. Thousands of Filipinos in Tayabas, Laguna, Batangas, and Manila had already joined it.

So the Spanish officials sent troops to break up the group. But Hermano and his followers took up arms and protect themselves. On October 1841 at the Alitao, near Mt. Cristobal the gov’t troops attacked their camp and killed many followers including old, women,and children. In November 4, 1841, Hermano Pule was executed in Tayabas. But this war not the end of the story. Many Filipino soldiers secretly planned to take

revenge on the hated Spaniards. The loyalist troops defeated the rebels after a bloody combat. Srg. Samaniego and 81 followers were shot at the Luneta at sunset on January 21, 1843.

2. ABUSES OF SPANISH ENCOMENDEROS

3. TIBUTE (RESIDENCE TAX)

4. FORCE LABOR

5. LAND GRABBING BY THE FRIARS

6. BASI (WINE) MONOPOLY

7. RELIGION