The Human Sciences - An Overview by Richard Moffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy The scope of various disciplines within the Human Sciences en-us 2022-09-19 23:02:22 UTC 2024-05-06 00:37:55 UTC hello@padlet.com Aspect of Human Behaviour rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303828569 Overview:
The study of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.

Subdiciplines: macroeconomics, microeconomics]]> 2022-09-19 23:05:45 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303828569 Aspect of Human Behaviour rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303828706 Overview
Anthropology studies humans scientifically. It discovers what makes us human due to religious, cultural, linguistics and relationship factors. 

Sub Disciplines
Social anthropology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, biological/physical anthropology, paleo anthropology, archaeology anthropology 

4 main fields include… 
Modern human societies, past human societies, human communication, biological studies 


]]> 2022-09-19 23:06:00 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303828706 Aspect of Human Behaviour rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303828822 Archaeology looks at human behavior, by examining tools and artifacts, and sites that have had human life. 

An example of this is at a site where there was a village, where archaeologists found small arrowheads around the outskirts of the village, and the behavior assumed that children were practicing to make arrowheads, because they were likely taught how in the village by an adult, and they would practice to improve.

]]> 2022-09-19 23:06:11 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303828822 Aspect of Human Behaviour rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303828940 Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its interaction with the brain. Linguists ask questions such as:
- do we have the ability to imagine concepts that cannot be described using the language we speak?
- Are we born with the capacity for language?
 ]]> 2022-09-19 23:06:20 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303828940 Aspect of Human Behaviour rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303829062
  • Social life, social change, social consequences of human behaviour. 
  • The groups that people belong to and social interactions between and within those groups
  • Social Relationships.

    • ]]>     2022-09-19 23:06:34 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303829062     Aspect of Human Behaviour rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303829254 Study of the discipline that deals with the theory and aspects of politics. Influences that affect a person's political ideals and views as well as political beliefs that affect society as a whole.]]> 2022-09-19 23:06:49 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303829254 Aspect of Human Behaviour rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303829345 Psychology is the scientific study of mental states and the processes of human behaviour. It focuses on:
    ~Perception 
    ~Cognition
    ~Attention
    ~Emotion
    ~Intelligence
    ~Subjective Personality
    ~Motivation
    ~Brain function 
    ~Personality
    The four main goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict and potentially change the behaviour and mental processes of others]]>     2022-09-19 23:06:58 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303829345     Aspect of Human Behaviour rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303829436 2022-09-19 23:07:09 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303829436 Subdisciplines/ Specializations rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303829765 Microeconomics 
    • The study of the formation of a market through interactions within a market to build a market system. 


    Macroeconomics 
    • The examination of the economy through the theory of general-equilibrium. 
    • Economic growth consists of the increase in the output depending on capita. 
    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:07:42 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303829765     Subdisciplines/ Specializations rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303831418 Anthropology subdisciplines include social anthropology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, biological/physical anthropology, paleo anthropology, and archaeology anthropology. The main 4 specialisations include modern human societies, past human societies archaeology, human communication, and biological studies.

    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:09:57 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303831418     Subdisciplines/ Specializations rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303831510 Historical archaeology - It is the study of cultures with some form of writing and deals with objects and issues from the past. For example the study of medieval Europe, using written documents.

    Ethnoarchaeology - the study of living people designed to aid in our interpretation of the archaeological record. 

    Experimental archaeology - It is the application of the experimental method to develop more highly controlled observations of processes that create and impact the archeological.

    Archaeometry - a field of research that looks at the chemical composition of remains ]]>     2022-09-19 23:10:05 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303831510     Subdisciplines/ Specializations rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303831619
  • The development of linguistics - inferring the origin of languages.
  • The history of linguistics - the study of linguistic change.
  • Sociolinguistics - exploring the links between linguistic change and social structures.
  • ​Psycholinguistics - exploring the representation and operation of language in the mind
  • Neurolinguistics - exploring the representation of language in the brain
  • Theoretical linguistics - examining the common laws and universal features of human language
  • Language acquisition - which examines how children acquire their first language, and how children and adults acquire and learn their second and subsequent languages.

    • ]]>     2022-09-19 23:10:15 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303831619     Subdisciplines/ Specializations rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303831724 Sub-disciplines
    • Theoretical Sociology
    • Historical Sociology
    • Sociology of knowledge
    • Sociology of Religion
    • Urban Sociology
    • Rural Sociology
    Specializations
    • Criminology
    • Environment 
    • Community
    • Family and life course
    • Work, Economy, and globalization
    • Health
    • Social class

    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:10:25 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303831724     Subdisciplines/ Specializations rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303831832 SUBDISCIPLINES
    Clinical Psychology: includes the study and application of psychology for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress and helping the well-being of a subject.

    Biological Psychological: the scientific study of the biological substrates of psychology, behaviour and mental state. Explores how behaviours are intertwined with the nervous system; studies how the brain functions in order to understand the behaviour

    SPECIALIZATIONS

    Neuropsychology: concerned with how a person's cognition and behaviour are related to their brain and nervous system. Neuropsychology is different from neurology as neurology focuses on the pathology of the nervous system, while neuropsychology focuses on the connections between the brain and the mind. 

    Psychotherapy: the use of psychological methods to help a person change behaviour, increase happiness, and overcome problems. It aims to help an individual's relationships social skills, Wellbeing and mental health. 

    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:10:34 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303831832     Subdisciplines/ Specializations rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303831912
  • policy studies
  • public policy
  • comparative politics
  • political economy
  • international relations
  • political theory
  • public administration 
  • public policy
  • political methodology

    • ]]>     2022-09-19 23:10:43 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303831912     Subdisciplines/ Specializations rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303832008 2022-09-19 23:10:52 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303832008 Key Concepts rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303833619
  • Opportunity cost
    • The potential opportunities lost once money is spent, as the money could have been invested elsewhere
  • Scarcity
    • The limited supply of a product or resource
  • Demand
    • The level of consumption of goods by the public
  • Supply
    • The amount of a resource or product available
  • Equilibrium
    • Buyers and sellers are satisfied with price, supply, and demand
    • Growth
      • The increase in output over a period of time
    • Firms
      • The combination of labour and capital that produces goods for sale on the market, is often cheaper to invest through firms rather than directly inputting money into the market
    • Market failure
      • Social costs or benefits of production that are not reflected in market prices, an example of this would be a natural monopoly
    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:13:20 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303833619     Key Concepts rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303833678 Kinship: blood relations, family tree
    Urbanism : Urban anthropology is the study of cultural systems and identities in cities as well as the various political, social, economic, and cultural forces that shape urban forms and processes.
    Stereotypes: a widely kept assumption or oversimplified view on someone or something 
    Cybernetics: the science of communication and control theory that is concerned with the study of automatic systems
    Humanism: an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasise common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.
    Etymology: the study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history
    Medical: relating to science of medicine , treatment of illness 
    Ethnography: is a method of analysing social or cultural interaction. 

    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:13:26 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303833678     Key Concepts rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303833804
  • Material culture - could be items that hold no evolutionary value, but hold a value to the specific individual due to their culture. There’s also cultural items such as clothing and jewelry. Finally there could be items that represent their status which consequently hold cultural significance
  • Space and time - archeologists study at different sites and are able to deduce the evolution of technologies and human activities through the different layers that show different time periods in the same site compared to the same time in different sites. 
  • Context - Archaeologists need to look at why certain items or human made things are the way they are which could have been affected by the surrounding area, and interhuman interactions
  • Technology - technologies such as arrowheads and other artifacts are found and help us deduce how advanced a civilization was during that certain time period. 
  • Culture - The term archaeological culture refers to similar artifacts and features from a specific time frame and within a consistent geographical area
  • Ecology - They study that helps the reconstruction of the past environment with the help of found material   
  • History - Though the advances of time 
  • Humanity - Archeologist explore materials to find the originality of civilization 

    • ]]>     2022-09-19 23:13:38 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303833804     Key Concepts rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303833900
  • ​Morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. It analyses the structure of words and parts of words such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. 
  • Lexicology analyzes the lexicon of a specific language, examines every feature of a word – including formation, spelling, origin, usage, and definition.
  • Phoneme is a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a particular language.
  • Semantics is the study of reference, meaning, or truth. The term can be used to refer to subfields of several distinct disciplines, including philosophy, linguistics and computer science.
  • Semiotics is the study of the use of symbolic communication. Semiotics can include signs, logos, gestures and other linguistic and nonlinguistic communication methods. 
  • Historical Chinese phonology deals with reconstructing the sounds of Chinese from the past. As Chinese is written with logographic characters, not alphabetic or syllabary, the methods employed in Historical Chinese phonology differ considerably from those employed in.
  • Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.
    • Historical linguistics, also termed diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time.

    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:13:46 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303833900     Key Concepts rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303834080
  • Demography 
    • the study of demographics, the social characteristics and statistics of a human population.
  • Class System
    • Different classes separating people in terms of social class and individual achievements.
  • Social Patterns
    • Social actions that are repeated and have some probability to occur again
  • Majority
    • the social group considered to have the most power in a particular place
  • Minority
    • The social group considered to have the least amount of power in a particular place
  • Social Mobility
    • The movement of people, families, or communities within or between the social strata
    • Leads to a change in their social status

    • Social Change
      • Change in human interactions and relationships that transform social institutions
      • Usually have profound consequences on society
    • Socialization
      • The process of learning the norms and values of a society. 

    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:14:04 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303834080     Key Concepts rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303834179
  • Personality-  is the characteristic set of behaviors, cognitions and emotional patterns that are formed from biological and environmental factors that change over time. 
  • Cognition- mental action or acquisition of knowledge and the understanding through ideas, experiences, and the senses.  
  • Phobia- 
  • Conflict- 
  • Conformity-  tendency to change our perspective, beliefs, or behaviours in ways that are consistent with group norms, politics or being like-minded 
    • Freud’s Personality Theory:
    • Id- First and instinctive component of personality, part of the unconscious containing all the urges and impulses. 
    • Ego-  is the only part of the consciousness personality. The ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the world. 
    • Superego- holds the internalized moral standards and ideals that acquire form our parents and society, provides guidelines for making judgments. 

    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:14:13 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303834179     Key Concepts rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303834277
  • Democracy, citizens vote on representatives
  • Freedom, the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint..
  • Authoritarian, favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority, at the expense of personal freedom
  • Liberty, the state of being free 
  • Equality. the state of being equal
  • Capital, money or wealth
  • Power, the capacity or ability to direct or influence the behavior of others
  • Equity, the quality of being fair and impartial

    • ]]>     2022-09-19 23:14:21 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303834277     Key Concepts rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303834384 2022-09-19 23:14:31 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303834384 Methodology rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303834962 Theoretical Research: Utilizing quantitative economic values, which employ a variety of concepts. Can form methodological frameworks or heterodox economic theories (beyond neoclassical economics, ie. feminist, post-Keynesian, insitutional)

    Empirical Research: Determined through the use of statistics and economic data. 
    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:15:31 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303834962     Methodology rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303835020 Data is attained through: Material observation , behavioral observation, biological observation, direct communication, and participant observation.  ]]> 2022-09-19 23:15:36 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303835020 Methodology rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303835071
  • Major Methods: Preparation (develop hypothesis), digging, record keeping and preservation

    • ]]>     2022-09-19 23:15:42 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303835071     Methodology rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303835169
  • Quantitative methods
  • Laboratory experiments
  • Speech and language corpora
  • Natural interactions

    • ]]>     2022-09-19 23:15:52 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303835169     Methodology rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303835248 The methodology for gathering knowledge in sociology involves collecting quantitative and qualitative by taking a census or sampling a portion of a population, examining and analyzing historical documents, performing statistical tests, observing social settings and behavior, doing questionnaires or open-ended interviews, using computer models, conducting experiments with controlled, dependent, and independent variables, and doing long-term studies of individuals.]]> 2022-09-19 23:15:59 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303835248 Methodology rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303835327 Psychologists carry out research and study in psychology using the scientific approach. The fundamental steps in doing psychology research are posing a question, developing a study plan, gathering data, examining the findings, drawing conclusions, and disseminating the results. Utilizing experiments, testing of hypotheses, and observation, psychology explores mental processes, experiences, and human behaviour. Memory, cognitive processes, attention and perception, language acquisition, linguistics, human development, autism, and mental illness are all included in the study of psychology.

    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:16:07 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303835327     Methodology rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303835503
  • Linear Progression 
    • Method to summarize how the mean of the outcome variable (response) changes with the value defined by a linear function of explanatory variables (predictors)
  • Maximum Likelihood Estimation
    • method of estimating the parameters of an assumed probability distribution, given some observed data 
  • Laboratory and survey experiments 
    • Method of receiving data from sociological questioning and experimenting

    • ]]>     2022-09-19 23:16:22 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303835503     Methodology rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303835576 2022-09-19 23:16:29 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303835576 What makes it scientific? rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303836267 The controlled experiments common to the natural sciences are uncommon in economics; instead broad data is observationally studied. But, there is increasing use of natural experiments. Much of economics is criticized for being non-replicable. ]]> 2022-09-19 23:17:35 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303836267 What makes it scientific? rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303836348 All five types of field methods involve observation, including the use of any of the five human senses to acquire information about the environment.


    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:17:42 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303836348     What makes it scientific? rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303836420
  • Natural Science Comparison: The process of gathering the information is similar to the scientific method as it follows the general steps to doing an experiment. In comparison to history, archaeology uses human made artifacts, instead of relying on written records.


    • ]]>     2022-09-19 23:17:49 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303836420     What makes it scientific? rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303836512 Linguists apply the scientific method to the study of language. It is considered a science because laboratory experiments are performed both in linguistics and in the natural sciences. Further, quantitative methods are often used in the natural sciences to find a definitive answer to certain questions. Linguistics may seem like a quantitative study, but it has more definitive answers that the natural sciences do sometimes.

    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:17:57 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303836512     What makes it scientific? rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303836609 Sociology takes into account both qualitative and quantitative data. Data is used to make falsifiable hypotheses and generalizations. Sociology is based off of evidence from research and historical sources. Experiments are conducted in a similar way to the natural sciences.]]> 2022-09-19 23:18:06 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303836609 What makes it scientific? rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303836727 The fundamental steps in doing psychology research are posing a question, developing a study plan, gathering data, examining the findings, drawing conclusions, and disseminating the results. Which is also how some scientific research is found. ]]> 2022-09-19 23:18:16 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303836727 What makes it scientific? rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303836899 Political science is the scientific study of politics. It is a social science dealing with systems of governance and power, and the analysis of political activities, political thought, political behavior, and associated constitutions and laws]]> 2022-09-19 23:18:33 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303836899 What makes it scientific? rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303836977 2022-09-19 23:18:40 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303836977 Central Theories rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303837723 Mercantilism: 
    • A nation's wealth is dependent on the accumulation of gold and silver. 
    • Nations without natural gold and silver resources participated in the trade of other goods and services to obtain it, and restricting other imports
    • Imposition of protective tariffs and limiting manufacturing in the colonies

    Classical Political Economy:
    • Labour; division of labour for productivity, 
    • Resource allocation (labour, land and capital)
    • Human population growth and diminishing returns (malthus)

    Marxian Economics:Derived from the works of karl marx

    Neoclassical Economics:the study of production, distribution, and consumption of wealth

    Marginalism: explains the discrepency in the value of goods and services by reference of their secondary, or marginal, unity. 

    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:19:58 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303837723     Central Theories rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303837892 Humanism: An outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.
    Multiculturalism:​​ The view that cultures, races, and ethnicities, particularly those of minority groups, deserve special acknowledgment of their differences within a dominant political culture.
    Colonialism : the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
    Evolutionism : theory of evolution and how life came to be as well as the belief that organisms deliberately improved themselves through progressive inherited change
    Environmentalism : the theory that environment, as opposed to heredity, has the primary influence on the development of a person or group.



    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:20:13 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303837892     Central Theories rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303837957
  • Archaeological theory: Functions as the application of philosophy of science to archaeology, and is occasionally referred to as philosophy of archaeology  
  • Systems theory: Study of systems in nature, science and society 
  • Reconstruction theory: Archeologist have to piece information through methodology 

    • ]]>     2022-09-19 23:20:21 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303837957     Central Theories rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838052 Daniel Everett’s Theory: Language Scratches the Communicative Itch
    - States that modern humans (Homo-sapiens) here are not the first to speak but homo Erectus was the very first to make their own language.
    -Chomsky’s Nativist Linguistic Theory: Universal Grammar
    -States that every Human being's brain possesses language learning capabilities. Chomsky also stated that every human brain has a built-in tool called the Language Acquisition device (LAD).This is a hypothetical concept, Because neuroscientists have not recognized This LAD anywhere in the brain.
    -B.F. Skinner Behaviourist Theory
    -This Theory states that learning a language is like learning a new skill through repetition, observation, imitation, errors, rewards, and punishments
    -Vygotsky’s Social Interactionist Theory
    -The theory suggests that a child since birth is continually engaging into social interactions which helps him develop cognitive functions. 


    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:20:30 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838052     Central Theories rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838185
  • Urban Sociology--Utilitarianism 
    • Choices that are made due to the consequences of actions; it usually follows the rule that it is more utilitarian if the decision is made with the majority of people. Since most people live in urban areas, utilitarianism is used commonly within governments in order to impact the urban areas
  • Sociology of Religion--Functionalism 
    • The perspective of following certain norms and rules that the society portrays, such as certain gender roles like a mother and father, and one can’t work without the other.
  • Sociology for work and economics--Capitalism 
    • System based on private ownership and means of production, wage labor, and free market)
  • Marxism
    • A social, political, and economic theory named after Karl Marx
    • Attempts to understand the effects of capitalism on labour, production and economic development

    • ]]>     2022-09-19 23:20:42 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838185     Central Theories rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838264 2022-09-19 23:20:50 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838264 Central Theories rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838360 2022-09-19 23:20:59 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838360 Central Theories rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838455
  • Communism
    • The de-establishment of wealth and class. A theoretical egalitarian society, often confused with totalitarianism. 
  • Capitalism 
    • The concept of a “free market” anyone can make and acquire wealth, classes are established. 
  • Socialism 
    • Though under a capitalist system, basic necessities such as food and housing are provided 
  • Totalitarianism 
    • A communist society in which people are completely subservient to the government 
  • Authoritarianism 
    • A government demands strict adherence to the rules and regulations. 
  • Anarchisim 
    • The de-establishment of power and rulers. 
  • Liberalism
    • A capatalist society that believes in civil liberties and democracy 
  • Conservatism 
    • A capitalist system that believes in upholding traditional values and minimizing government interference 
  • Democracy
    • a government where every citizen has an equal voice 
  • Dictatorship 
    • Government that had ‘absolute’ power assigned to one person 
  • Monarchy 
    • Government that had a ruling family line and a monarch at the head.

    • ]]>     2022-09-19 23:21:08 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838455     Seminal Figures rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838645 Karl Marx- economist who was also prevalent in the field of philosophy; economic determinism and production

    John Meynard Keynes- fundamentally changed macroeconomics; Keynesian economics]]>     2022-09-19 23:21:25 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838645     Seminal Figures rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838707
  • Franz Boas —> Boas is well known for his theory of cultural relativism, which held that all cultures were essentially equal but simply had to be understood in their own terms.
  • Charles Darwin —>developed the theory of natural selection and evolution
  • Margaret Mead —> applied modern psychology to studying and understanding culture and her famous theory of imprinting found that children learn by watching adult behavior. 
    • Nature vs nurture

    • ]]>     2022-09-19 23:21:31 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838707     Seminal Figures rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838829
  • Kathleen Kenyon - She created the concept of the baulk, which is now a very significant part of stratigraphic analyses in modern archaeology
  • Howard Carter -  He was the one who found the tomb of King Tutankhamen



    • ]]>     2022-09-19 23:21:42 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838829     Seminal Figures rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838909 Noam Chomsky
    Chomsky did research to understand the ability of childrens acquisition of language. He suggested a system of principles and parameters of a child’s innate understanding of syntax and semantics that reorientated the approaches to studying English. ]]>     2022-09-19 23:21:50 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303838909     Seminal Figures rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303839005
  • Auguste Comte (1798-1857)--The Father of Sociology
    • The term sociology was first coined in 1780, but later reinvented by Comte in 1938
    • He divided sociology into two main fields
      • The study of forces that held society together
      • The study of the causes of social change
  • Émile Durkheim (1858–1917)
    • Helped establish sociology as a formal academic discipline by establishing the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895.



    • ]]>     2022-09-19 23:22:00 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303839005     Seminal Figures rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303839077 Sigmund Freud: Considered to be the father of psychoanalysis, Freud was an Austrian neurologist. He is largely accredited with establishing the field of talk therapy, many psychoanalytic approaches in modern therapy are heavily drawn from Freudian principles. Further, he developed many influential theories on the subconscious mind and the significance of dreams. 

    Philip Zimbardo: An influential psychologist best known for his work with the Stanford Prison Experiment. The experiment serves as a study of how situational forces influence human behaviour. He was involved in multiple psychological books and is often talked about in highschool and college psychology classes.



    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:22:08 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303839077     Seminal Figures rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303839151 Karl Marx - German scholar Karl Marx offered many classic theories to explain different aspects of society.

    Joseph Stalin - Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union.
    ]]>     2022-09-19 23:22:17 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303839151     Seminal Figures rmoffat https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303839227 2022-09-19 23:22:24 UTC https://padlet.com/rmoffat/z1rvcigtynygtvzy/wish/2303839227