The chillest animal model that you have ever encounter! by U2004189 STUDENT https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI Sprague Dawley is quite popular animal model to use in research as it calm, easy to train and easy to handle. en-us 2022-03-22 12:23:31 UTC 2026-02-27 21:26:43 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/1637967929/47c5306cb719a67cc86f3d2fb61ac16b/Untitled_design.png u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2112738547 2022-03-24 22:57:41 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2112738547 Outbred stock u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2112752963 Spargue Dawley is an outbed stock because:
  • Each of the individuals in the stock have different genetic makeup. (Genetic variation)
  • No two individuals in the stock are the same.
  • This is acheived by intentionally prevent or reduce the bred within siblings or relatives.
  • One of the nomenclatures is Hsl:CD(SD). The ':' denote that it is an outbred!
]]> 2022-03-24 23:16:11 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2112752963 u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2113464992 2022-03-25 09:13:56 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2113464992 a. Digestive system of Spargue Dawley u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2114627712 Special features of Spargue Dawley digestive system:
  • No gall bladder.
  • It is a semi-continuous feeders.
  • The amount of food consume is 4-5g of food per 100 g body weight.
  • It has no water taste receptor.
]]> 2022-03-26 07:03:41 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2114627712 Digestion process u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2114633537
  • The rat will chew the food to mashed up the food in the mouth and mixed with saliva to break down carbohydrates.
  • Later it travels through esophagus to the stomach through limiting ridge (A special feature that prevent it from vomiting)
  • In the stomach, the gastric juice breaks down and churn the food and protein into chyme.
  • In the small intestine, the nutrients are absorbed from the food and the cellulose is digested in the caecum.
  • After that the digested material will move to the large intestine where the remaining water will be absorbed and become more solid. 
  • Later the solid waste enters the rectum to be stored and expelled from anus after a certain period of time.


    • ]]>     2022-03-26 07:18:56 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2114633537     b. Cardiovascular system of Spargue Dawley u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2114850918
  • Location of heart: Between 2nd and 6th intercostal space.
  • Heart rate: 300 - 500 beats per minute
  • Systolic blood pressure: 116 mmHg
  • Diastolic blood pressure: 90 mmHg
  • Blood volume: 6 ml per 100 grams of body weight
    • ]]>     2022-03-26 14:03:32 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2114850918     Blood flow through the heart u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2121263007 1. The deoxygenated blood from the anterior part of the rat body (head, eyes, neck and upper limb) will flow through the cranial vena cava while the blood from posterior part (legs, abdomen and pelvic wall) to the right atrium of the rat.
    2. Later the deoxygenated blood will be pump from the atrium to the ventricle via the tricuspid valve.
    (Anatomically, the valve is quite different from human in which the rat heart valve is less individually distinct and is more continuous)
    3. Deoxygenated blood is then pump through the pulmonary valve to the lungs of the rat to be oxygenated.
    4. The oxygenated blood then flow back to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein and to the left ventricle via the bicuspid valve.
    5. From the left ventricle, the oxygenated blood will be pump to the aorta after pass through the aortic valve and to the whole body organ except the lungs.


    ]]>     2022-03-30 11:17:45 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2121263007     b) So whats the difference with human? u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2121265220 2022-03-30 11:19:36 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2121265220 bi) u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2121310833 *Cranial vena cava equivalent to human superior vena cava
    *Caudal vena cava equivalent to human inferior vena cava

    However, in rat the left cranial vena cava extends caudally unites with the caudal vena cava, and finally joins the right atrium.

    While in human we do not have left or right vena cava, instead we have right and left brachiocephalic vein that unites to form the superior vena cava.]]>     2022-03-30 11:55:05 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2121310833     c. Reproductive system u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2121360361 2022-03-30 12:27:10 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2121360361 Bucks (male rat) reproductive system u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2121417274
  • Has a longer anogenital distance.
  • Puberty at  6 to 10 weeks of age.
  • 24 × 106 spermatozoa/g testicular parenchyma daily.

    • ]]>     2022-03-30 12:58:23 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2121417274     Does (female rat) reproductive system u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2121418256
  • Has a shorter anogenital distance.
  • Puberty at 8 to 12 weeks.
  • Has 4 oestrous cycle: Proestrus, Estrus, Metestrus & Diestrus (last for 4 - 5 days).
  • Most receptive to male during estrus phase.
  • Gestation period: 21 days
  • Litter size: 6 - 12 pups.
    • ]]>     2022-03-30 12:58:56 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2121418256     a. u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126969926

    ]]>     2022-04-03 07:33:58 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126969926     u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126970270
  • The story of using albino Rattus norvegicus started  during the mid-14th century in Europe.
  • During that time, the rats caused the Black Plague disease which initiated the pandemic there.
  • Many people died and suffered from the disease, the most significant symptom was their limbs turned black, a sign of gangrene.

    • ]]>     2022-04-03 07:34:40 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126970270     B. u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126970742 2022-04-03 07:35:31 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126970742 u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126971268
  • With the rise of the disease, a new profession was formed — The rat catchers.
  • They were the one who controlled the rat population during the 19th century.
  • The rat catchers are also known to breed their own rats and gain profit by selling to rat baiting pits (a popular blood ‘sport’ at that time).

    • ]]>     2022-04-03 07:36:34 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126971268     C. u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126971931 2022-04-03 07:38:05 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126971931 u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126972319
  • Over the time, the breeding of the rat has produced variation in colors which involve the albino one.
  • Later the Albino rats were first used in a scientific experiment in 1828 for a fasting study to measure the quality of proteins inside the body. 
  • As a result, rats have become the first animal domesticated for scientific purposes.

    • ]]>     2022-04-03 07:38:54 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126972319     D. u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126973522 2022-04-03 07:40:53 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126973522 u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126974037
  • Since then, the lab started to breed their own rat and brand their rat. One of the rats is Sprague Dawley.
  • It was first breeds in the year 1925 by Robert Worthington Dawley (1897 - 1949) at University of Wisconsin.
  • The name is the combination of his first wife's name (Sprague) and his own name (Dawley)!
  • The rat is the result of mating between a hybrid hooded male and a white female rat of the Douredoure strain which probably was from Wistar.
  • Later the white offspring were inbred in a number of different lines from which the best ten were combined.
  • After that the rat that show good characteristic like high lactation, rapid growth, and good temperant were selected. 
  • Moving on, Robert established rat supply company named Sprague-Dawley farms which are now known as Sprague Dawley Animal Company.
  • The farm located at Madison, Wisconsin, United state.
  • Nowadays the SD can be obtained from different company.
  • Few examples are Harlan (HAR) laboratory and Charles River Laboratories (CRL).

    • ]]>     2022-04-03 07:42:06 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126974037     Ei. u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126974437 2022-04-03 07:43:11 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126974437 Eii. u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126974506 2022-04-03 07:43:20 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126974506 u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126974751
  • Purchased the Sprague Dawley Company in the 1980s and has maintained its own Sprague-Dawley stock.
  • The derivation method is not mentioned.
  • Denoted by Hsd:CD(SD)

    • ]]>     2022-04-03 07:43:51 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126974751     u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126975266
  • Purchased in 1950s and acquired their own breeding stock.
  • The rat acquired better microbial resistance by using cesarean derivation.
  • Denoted by Crl:CD(SD)

    • ]]>     2022-04-03 07:44:58 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126975266     u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126975795
  • According to study by Marcia B. et al. it has proved that the different derivation method of these Sprague Dawley can cause varied genetic background even though they are coming from the same source initially.

    • This may be due to the genetic drift that occurs as they bred from one generation to the next subsequent generation.


    ]]>     2022-04-03 07:46:06 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2126975795     1. u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2131899903 2022-04-06 03:25:50 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2131899903 2. u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2131900786 2022-04-06 03:26:41 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2131900786 3. u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2131901317 2022-04-06 03:27:10 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2131901317 4. u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2131902112 2022-04-06 03:27:54 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2131902112 5. u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2131906953 In biomedical science research Sprague Dawley mostly used for:
    • Toxicology
    • Genetic research
    • Cardiovascular research
    ]]>     2022-04-06 03:32:36 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2131906953     Who can confirm that the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine that I took is safe for me (Human)? u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2132134652
    • Sprague Dawley as candidate for ASRS-CoV-2 Vaccine toxicity test.
    • used in two brands of COVID-19 vaccine which are the Sinopharm inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccine (Vero cell) & Soberana 2 vaccine (Vaccine produced by Finlay Institute, Cuba)
    • Few component has been evaluated through out the experiments like physiological condition, pain, food and water consumption, immunologic reaction and also changes in the histopathological changes.
    • As a result, In both of these vaccine there is no any adverse outcome from the criteria that have been assessed. 
    • Even though the studies are not a ticket for those companies to commercialise their vaccine but it become an experimental basis for further clinical trials and a reference framework for related follow-up research. Which is very crutial to ensure the safety of human clinical trial candidates.
    ]]>     2022-04-06 07:13:19 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2132134652     Viagra is not only as 'rise of the dead' pills, but who knows it can use as treatment for kidney disease too! u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2132136466
  • Most of us only know viagra as drug for people who have erectile dysfunction.
  • However, with the use of viagra tested on SD it opened up an opportunity to use it as a possible adjunct treatment for human who suffer from Chronic kidney disease.
  • In the experiment, the SD were fed with the adenine that induces the CKD.
  • The rats were later fed with the sildenafil (aka viagra). As a results, from the histopathology observation, the SD fed with adenine only has damage on their glomerulus while the SD fed with Sildenafil + adenine has normal, intact glomerulus. 
  • There are also other parameters measured in the experiment which shows positive results for the use of Sildenafil.

    • ]]>     2022-04-06 07:14:43 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2132136466     When men invent plastic, rat become the test subject. u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2132138334
  • Sprague Dawley also use in cancer and tumor studies.
  • This study shows the effect of Bisphenol A (BPA) on the prostate gland.
  • In the experiment, the SD were exposed continuously six months to 2.5 - 250 micro g BPA/kg-BW.
  • Even though in the end of the experiment, there is no development of tumor due to short duration of studies but  marked increases in stem cell numbers which indicate the increase of risk of prostate cancer development in later life of SD.
  • Thus, the results reflected the BPA exposures may contribute to the increased carcinogenic risk in humans that occurs with ageing.

    • ]]>     2022-04-06 07:16:17 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2132138334     Differences between Buck and Does (other aspects) u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2138637865
  • Adult male weight (300 - 500 g) heavier than the female (250 - 300 g).
  • Male has a boxier body shape while female is more sleeker and streamlined
  • Optimum reproductive age span of male is 2.5 - 10 month while for female is 2 - 9 month.
  • Male prone to kidney cancer while female prone to mammary and pituitary cancer.
    • ]]>     2022-04-11 04:38:47 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2138637865     Soberana 2 vaccine u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2145242094 2022-04-16 00:36:47 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2145242094 Sinopharm inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccine (Vero cell) u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2145242343 2022-04-16 00:37:40 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2145242343 u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2145243571 2022-04-16 00:41:40 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2145243571 u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2145248768 2022-04-16 00:57:54 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2145248768 6. References u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2145300399 2022-04-16 03:09:14 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2145300399 Why scientist like to me? Other than the reason that I am too cute. u2004189 https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2155328748 Main advantages of Sprague Dawley:
    - Calm
    - Ease of Handling]]>     2022-04-24 15:05:54 UTC https://padlet.com/u2004189/LIM_KAI_SHI/wish/2155328748