Stephen Hawking is the greatest scientist of our time by

Stephen Hawking is the greatest scientist of our time by https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla Skryabina Sayaana Egorovna GD-1-18 en-us 2020-05-15 09:51:35 UTC 2025-10-19 09:53:48 UTC hello@padlet.com ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/574668309 Stephen William Hawking is known as an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, founder of quantum cosmology, writer and author of popular science books like "A Brief History of Time." He made a huge contribution to the development of science and tried to provide the general public with access to his research. ]]> 2020-05-15 09:53:00 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/574668309 ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/574682879 “Remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet. Try to make sense of what you see and wonder about what makes the universe exist. Be curious. And however difficult life may seem, there is always something you can do and succeed at. It matters that you don't just give up.”]]> 2020-05-15 10:00:42 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/574682879 The early years ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575305283 Hawking was born on January 8, 1942, in Oxford, England. His birthday was also the 300th anniversary of the death of Galileo — long a source of pride for the noted physicist.
The eldest of Frank and Isobel Hawking's four children, Hawking was born into a family of thinkers.
Here you can find out more information about the scientist's family.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#Family]]> 2020-05-15 14:56:03 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575305283 ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575432504 Despite the fact that he was always ranked at the lower end of his class by teachers, his school friends nicknamed him ‘Einstein’ and seemed to have encouraged his interest in science. In his own words, “physics and astronomy offered the hope of understanding where we came from and why we are here. I wanted to fathom the depths of the Universe.”]]> 2020-05-15 15:43:10 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575432504 Education and success ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575440193 Hawking entered University College at the University of Oxford at the age of 17.
Although he expressed a desire to study mathematics, Oxford didn't offer a degree in that specialty, so Hawking gravitated toward physics and, more specifically, cosmology.
In 1962, he graduated with honors in natural science and went on to attend Trinity Hall at the University of Cambridge for a Ph.D. in cosmology.
In 1968, Hawking became a member of the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge.
The next few years were a fruitful time for Hawking and his research.
In 1973, he published his first, highly-technical book, The Large Scale Structure of
Space-Time, with G.F.R. Ellis.
In 1979, Hawking found himself back at the University of Cambridge, where he was named to one of teaching's most renowned posts, dating back to 1663: the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics.]]> 2020-05-15 15:45:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575440193 Disability ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575469333 In the early 1960s, Hawking began to show signs of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which subsequently led to paralysis. After diagnosing the disease in 1963, doctors believed that he only had two and a half years to live, but the disease didn't progress so quickly, and he began using the stroller only in the late 1960s.]]> 2020-05-15 15:57:15 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575469333 ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575485794 In 1985, Stephen Hawking was seriously ill with pneumonia. After a series of operations, he underwent a tracheostomy, and Hawking lost his ability to speak. Mechanics modified Stephen's wheelchair by installing an on-board computer with a speech synthesizer on it, which Hawking controlled with the facial muscles of his cheek, opposite which a sensor was fixed to him.]]> 2020-05-15 16:04:10 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575485794 ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575494091 Despite a serious illness, he led an active life. In 2007, he flew in zero gravity on a Zero Gravity aircraft, and in 2009 a flight into space was planned, which didn't take place.]]> 2020-05-15 16:07:37 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575494091 Marriages ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575505116 At a New Year's party in 1963, Hawking met a young languages undergraduate named Jane Wilde. They were married in 1965. The couple gave birth to a son, Robert, in 1967, and a daughter, Lucy, in 1970. A third child, Timothy, arrived in 1979.
In 1990, Hawking left his wife Jane for one of his nurses, Elaine Mason. The two were married in 1995. In 2006, Hawking and Elaine filed for divorce. In the following years, the physicist reportedly grew closer to his family. He reconciled with Jane, who had remarried.]]> 2020-05-15 16:12:06 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575505116 6 important discoveries of Stephen Hawking ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575520462 1. Singularities – 1970
Einstein's theory of gravity also tells about singularities i.e. points where space-time appeared to be infinitely curved. But that time it was unclear that whether singularities were real or not. Then, Roger Penrose proved that singularities would indeed form in black holes. Later, Stephen Hawking did path-breaking work on singularities and applied it for whole Universe and told that gravitation produces singularities. He also told that Einstein's theory predicted a singularity which was the big bang theory.
2. Laws of Black hole mechanics – 1971-72
Stephen Hawking discovered the laws of black hole mechanics.
- His first law states that the total surface area of the black hole will never get smaller. It is also known as the Hawking area theorem.
- Another law states that black holes were hot. But it is a contradiction of classical physics which states that black holes don't radiate heat.
- Another law is "no hair" theorem of black holes, which states that black holes can be characterised by three numbers; their mass, angular momentum and charge.
- Black holes emit radiation, which may continue till they exhaust their energy and evaporate. This is also known as Hawking radiation.
- In January 1971, he won the prestigious Gravity Research foundation Award for his essay titled "Black Holes".

3. Cosmic Inflation Theory – 1982
This theory was introduced by Alan Guth in 1980 that in physical cosmology, cosmic inflation is a theory in which the Universe expands exponentially soon after the big bang. Further, Hawking was one of the first who calculate quantum fluctuations which means the small variations in the distribution of matter and shows that during inflation it might give rise to the spread of galaxies in the Universe.
4. Model on the wave function of the Universe – 1983
He was interested in establishing a quantum theory of gravity but with James Hartle, he published a model the Hartle-Hawking state in 1983. This theory states that time did not exist before the big bang explosion and hence the concept of the beginning of the universe is meaningless. The Universe does not have any initial boundaries in time or space.
5. "A Brief History of Time" his famous book published on 1988
In this book he explains about the range of subjects in cosmology like big bang, black holes, light cones etc. This book became the bestselling book that breaks the record of 237 weeks and appeared on the British Sunday Times best-seller list.
6. Top-Down Theory on Cosmology – 2006
Along with Thomas Hertog, he proposed a theory "top-down cosmology" in 2006 which states that the Universe had not one unique initial state but consisted of a superposition of many possible initial conditions. Several other books were also published like The Universe in a Nutshell (2001), God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History (2005) etc.
Therefore, now we come to know about Stephen Hawking famous and important discoveries.

]]> 2020-05-15 16:18:41 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575520462 Publications ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575613913 Popular books

A Brief History of Time (1988)
Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays (1993)
The Universe in a Nutshell (2001)
On the Shoulders of Giants (2002)
God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History (2005)
The Dreams That Stuff Is Made of: The Most Astounding Papers of Quantum Physics and How They Shook the Scientific World (2011)
My Brief History (2013)
Brief Answers to the Big Questions (2018)

Co-authored

The Nature of Space and Time (with Roger Penrose) (1996)
The Large, the Small and the Human Mind (with Roger Penrose, Abner Shimony and Nancy Cartwright) (1997)
The Future of Spacetime (with Kip Thorne, Igor Novikov, Timothy Ferris and introduction by Alan Lightman, Richard H. Price) (2002)
A Briefer History of Time (with Leonard Mlodinow) (2005)
The Grand Design (with Leonard Mlodinow) (2010)

Forewords

Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy (Kip Thorne, and introduction by Frederick Seitz) (1994)

Children's fiction

Co-written with his daughter Lucy.

George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt (2009)
George and the Big Bang (2011)
George and the Unbreakable Code (2014)
George and the Blue Moon (2016)

Films and series

A Brief History of Time (1992)
Stephen Hawking's Universe (1997)
Hawking – BBC television film (2004) starring Benedict Cumberbatch
Horizon: The Hawking Paradox (2005)
Masters of Science Fiction (2007)
Stephen Hawking and the Theory of Everything (2007)
Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe (2008)
Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking (2010)
Brave New World with Stephen Hawking (2011)
Stephen Hawking's Grand Design (2012)
The Big Bang Theory (2012, 2014–2015, 2017)
Stephen Hawking: A Brief History of Mine (2013)
The Theory of Everything – Feature film (2014) starring Eddie Redmayne
Genius by Stephen Hawking (2016)

Selected academic works

Hawking, S.W.; Penrose, R. (1970). "The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 314 (1519): 529–548. Bibcode:1970RSPSA.314..529H. doi:10.1098/rspa.1970.0021.
Hawking, S. (1971). "Gravitational Radiation from Colliding Black Holes". Physical Review Letters. 26 (21): 1344–1346. Bibcode:1971PhRvL..26.1344H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.1344.
Hawking, S.W. (1972). "Black holes in general relativity". Communications in Mathematical Physics. 25 (2): 152–166. Bibcode:1972CMaPh..25..152H. doi:10.1007/BF01877517. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012.
Hawking, S.W. (1974). "Black hole explosions?". Nature. 248 (5443): 30–31. Bibcode:1974Natur.248...30H. doi:10.1038/248030a0.
Hawking, S.W. (1982). "The development of irregularities in a single bubble inflationary universe". Physics Letters B. 115 (4): 295–297. Bibcode:1982PhLB..115..295H. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(82)90373-2.
Hartle, J.; Hawking, S. (1983). "Wave function of the Universe". Physical Review D. 28 (12): 2960–2975. Bibcode:1983PhRvD..28.2960H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.28.2960.
Hawking, S.W. (1996). "The Gravitational Hamiltonian in the Presence of Non-Orthogonal Boundaries". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 13 (10): 2735–2752. arXiv:gr-qc/9603050. Bibcode:1996CQGra..13.2735H. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.339.8756. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/13/10/012.
Hawking, S. (2005). "Information loss in black holes". Physical Review D. 72 (8): 084013. arXiv:hep-th/0507171. Bibcode:2005PhRvD..72h4013H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.72.084013.
Hawking, S.; Hertog, T. (2018). "A smooth exit from eternal inflation?". Journal of High Energy Physics. 147 (4). arXiv:1707.07702. Bibcode:2018JHEP...04..147H. doi:10.1007/JHEP04(2018)147.

]]> 2020-05-15 16:59:57 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575613913 Popularization of science ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575635462 "A Brief History of Time," Stephen Hawking's 1988 best-seller, is an example of an excellent popularizer. Following the advice of his publisher, Hawking only kept one formula in the book, since every mathematical expression would have halved the sales (White, 1992, 222). In view of popularization, it is, of course, very important to reach a public as broad as possible. Hawking succeeded in this: in 1997 a twenty first revised edition appeared.
In 2015, Stephen Hawking became one of the founders of the medal bearing his name, which is annually awarded to scientists and artists for their contribution to the popularization of science. The scientist believed that science should become as popular as music.]]> 2020-05-15 17:09:53 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575635462 Honours and awards ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575679862 Professor Stephen Hawking has thirteen honorary degrees. He was awarded CBE (1982), Companion of Honour (1989) and the Presidential Medal of Freedom (2009). He is the recipient of many awards, medals and prizes like like Fundamental Physics prize (2013), Copley Medal (2006) and the Wolf Foundation prize (1988). He is a Fellow of the Royal Society and a member of the US National Academy of Sciences and the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.

]]> 2020-05-15 17:30:49 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575679862 Death ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575710918 Stephen Hawking died on March 13, 2018 in his home in Cambridge, surrounded by family and friends. The ashes of the scientist were buried in Westminster Abbey, between the graves of Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin. At the time of burial, a special radio signal was sent from the satellite antenna of the European Space Agency in the direction of the nearest “black hole” with the message of the deceased, which symbolized his old dream to conquer outer space.]]> 2020-05-15 17:46:31 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575710918 Stephen Hawking's Universe 1997 is an astronomical documentary ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575850974 https://youtu.be/U_gf93YwAFU]]> 2020-05-15 19:01:23 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575850974 Hawking 2013 is a biographical documentary ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575867048 https://youtu.be/WhFCOcO_xxU

]]> 2020-05-15 19:11:29 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575867048 Into The Universe With Stephen Hawking 2010 is a science documentary television mini-series ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575881864 https://zloekino.ru/series/IntoTheUniverseWithStephenHawking]]> 2020-05-15 19:20:15 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575881864 The Theory of Everything 2014 is a biographical documentary ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575902767 https://zloekino.ru/movie/TheTheoryofEverything]]> 2020-05-15 19:33:26 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/575902767 The Big Bang Theory ssayaana https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/587112795 Stephen Hawking has been mentioned several times on the show, including in the Pilot. Hawking has appeared on comedy television shows previously: he did the voice-over for cartoon versions of himself in Futurama, and in four episodes of The Simpsons.
Here is one of the fun scenes.]]> 2020-05-21 14:42:16 UTC https://padlet.com/ssayaana/yzg1kywvngw7erla/wish/587112795