The Roman Catholic Church experienced an increase in wealth, the power of the Pope was elevated during the Crusades.

Trade and transportation had improved in Europe as a result of the Crusades.

The Reconquista affected medieval Spain and Portugal.

The Spanish Reconquista was a very particular shock because there were cities with a vast majority of the Muslim population, which Christian residents then replaced.

The Inquisition spread into other parts of Europe and the Americas. Their Mandatory conversion to Roman Catholicism and expulsion from Spain's territories of people from other religious traditions resulted in a more homogenous Spanish culture.

The Inquisition is infamous for the severity of its tortures and its persecution of Jews and Muslims.

The Founding of Islam affected northern India, modern Spain, and the Arabian peninsula

The founding of Islam helped develop the religion 

and the culture of an empire. The founding brought people together and made a common currency.

The Sykes-Picot Treaty agreement created the modern Middle East. It represents one of the first installments in a long line of modern European – and subsequent American meddling in the region. 

The agreement provided a general understanding of the British and French spheres of influence in the Middle East.

The nation of Israel is the world's first Jewish state in two millennia. 

It represents for Jews the restoration of their homeland after the centuries-long Diaspora that followed the demise of the Herodian kingdom in the 1st century. It's still the focus of widespread Jewish immigration.

Apartheid sparked significant international and domestic opposition which made some of the most influential global social movements of the 20th century sanctioning racial segregation and political and economic discrimination against nonwhites.

The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II.

Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered six million Jews across German-occupied Europe around 50% of Europe's Jewish population.

The war led to 100K+ deaths. It also instigated the genocide of at least 80% Bosnian Muslims, also called Bosniaks.

The Treaty was one of several that officially ended five years of conflict known as the Great War World War I.

The Treaty of Versailles outlined the conditions of peace between Germany and the victorious Allies, led by the United States, France, and the United Kingdom.

Hitler used effective propaganda and clear promises of jobs and strength when people felt at their weakest.

This combined with constitutional and leadership weaknesses of the Weimar Republic enabled Hitler to exploit the events and situation of 1932-1933 to become Chancellor.

The Normandy invasion began to turn the tide against the Nazis. 

The D-day invasion led to the liberation of France, denying Germany any further exploitation of that country's economic and manpower resources.

The Neolithic Revolution also called the Agricultural Revolution is the shift to agriculture from hunting and gathering that changed humanity forever.

A mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal. Altogether, these materials will burn rapidly and explode as a propellant that was discovered by Chinese monks.

- The machines replaced people

- Some economic conditions got better for people

- Most people live in cities 

Belgian chemist and clever marketeer Leo Baekeland made the first fully synthetic plastic.