GR10 ATOM & BONDING - 2021 by Lizelle Swanepoel https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3 en-us 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC 2025-04-24 13:02:16 UTC hello@padlet.com HISTORY OF THE ATOM lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505110 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505110 The Story of the Atom lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505111
450 B.C.    Democritus 
He introduces the idea of “atomos” as uncuttable particles.
  
1803         John Dalton - The “Marble Model or Billiard Ball Model”
He re-introduces “atomos” as the term atom; atoms being the smallest particles of matter.
 
1897         J.J. Thomson - The “Plum Pudding Model” 
He discovers the electron while working with cathode rays, sub-atomic particles with a negative charge. He calls the particles “electrons” which are scattered throughout a "sea" of positive charges, like a plum pudding.

1911         Ernest Rutherford (together with his post-grad students Marsden and
                  Geiger) - The Nuclear Model
He discovers the nucleus and protons at the centres of atoms, which he calls the nucleus. He says that the nucleus is filled with positive protons and electrons randomly orbiting the nucleus.

1913         Niels Bohr - The Planetary Model 
He proposes a Planetary Model for the atom, where electrons move around the nucleus in fixed orbits named energy levels (like planets orbit around the sun). 
 
1926         Werner Heisenberg & Erwin Schrödinger - The Quantum mechanical                         model
Heisenberg and Schrödinger used mathematical equations to describe the likelihood of finding an electron in a certain position, called an orbital. This atomic model is known as the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
 
Today       -   THE STANDARD MODEL
                  -   We know the structure of atoms from smashing atoms together in                            the LHC (particle accelerator) at CERN and in other big labs across                          the globe.
                  -  We know that electrons are always in motion around the nucleus. 
                  -  Electrons are fundamental particles, 
                     i.e. they cannot be broken into any smaller particles

                 -      Protons and neutrons vibrate within the nucleus. 

                 -      Protons and neutrons are not fundamental particles, i.e. they 
                        are made up of smaller particles

                -      Quarks vibrate within the protons and neutrons. 

                -      Quarks are fundamental particles.

]]> 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505111 DEMOCRITUS lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505114 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505114 JOHN DALTON lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505115 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505115 JJ THOMSON lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505116 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505116 THOMSON, RUTHERFORD & CHADWICK lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505117 Discoverers of the electron, proton and neutron:]]> 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505117 NIELS BOHR lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505118 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505118 ERWIN SCHRODINGER lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505119 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505119 WERNER HEISENBERG lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505120 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505120 TIMELINE SUMMARY lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505121 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505121 PROPERTIES OF THE SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505123 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505123 ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505124 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505124 Atomic mass lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505125 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505125 ISOTOPES lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505126 Isotopes = atoms of an element that have the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.]]> 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505126 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505128 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505128 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505129 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505129 Do a calculation using isotopes to determine the relative atomic mass of an element lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505130 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505130 Electron configuration method lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505131 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505131 ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAMS lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505134 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505134 Rules that electrons obey to build up an atom lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505135
  • Aufbau principal
  • Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
  • Hund’s Rule
    • ]]>     2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505135     lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505136 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505136 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505137 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505137 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505139 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505139 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505140 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505140 Identify the mistake and rule violated: lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505141 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505141 Identify the mistake and rule violated: lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505142 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505142 Identify the mistake and rule violated: lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505143 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505143 BLOCKS: s,p,d,f-blocks in periodic table lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505144 A block of the periodic table is a set of chemical elements having their differentiating electrons predominately in the same type of atomic orbital. ... Each block is named after its characteristic orbital: s-block; p-block; d-block; and f-block]]> 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505144 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505145 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505145 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505146 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505146 DEFINITIONS OF: lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505147 1. ORBITAL
    2. ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM
    3. HUND'S RULE
    4. THE PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE]]>     2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505147     VALENCY & CORE ELECTRONS lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505148 DEF:
    • VALENCY = the number of electrons an atom must lose or gain to achieve a filled outermost energy level, to attain its most stable state.

    • CORE ELECTRONS = the electrons found below the outermost energy level in an atom.
    ]]>     2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505148     BONDING lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505150 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505150 BONDING lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505152
  • COVALENT BONDING
  • IONIC BONDING
  • METALLIC BONDING

    • ]]>     2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505152     METALLIC BONDS lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505153 Metals are made up of a "sea" of delocalised electrons surrounding positive kernels (cations).]]> 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505153 Periodic Table lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505154 Use to calculate Molar Masses]]> 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505154 Notes - BONDING lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505155 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505155 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505156 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505156 MECHANISM FOR IONIC BONDING lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505157 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505157 MECHANISM FOR COVALENT BONDING lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505158 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505158 METALLIC BONDS lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505160 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505160 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505162 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505162 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505163 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505163 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505164 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505164 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505165 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505165 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505167

    ]]>     2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505167     lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505168 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505168 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505171 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505171 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505173 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505173 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505174 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505174 CHEMICAL BONDING DEFINITIONS lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505176
    • Intramolecular Bond: 
    is a bond which occurs between atoms within molecules.
    • Covalent bond: 
    is a bond which occurs due to sharing of at least one pair of electrons by two nonmetal atoms.
    • Non-polar covalent (pure covalent): 
    is an equal sharing of electrons.
    • Polar covalent: 
    is an unequal sharing of electrons leading to a dipole forming (as a result of electronegativity difference)
    • Electronegativity: 
    is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.
    • Ionic bond: 
    is a bond which occurs due to a transfer of electrons and subsequent electrostatic attraction.
    • Metallic bonding: 
    is a bond between positive kernels and a sea of delocalised electrons.
    • Bond Energy:
    the amount of energy needed to break a specific bond.
    ]]>     2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505176     lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505177 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505177 MOLECULE SHAPES lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505179 Due to VSEPR]]> 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505179 STRUCTURE OF IONIC COMPOUNDS lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505180 FORMATION OF SALTS]]> 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505180 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505181 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505181 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505182 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505182 CRYSTAL LATTICES lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505183 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505183 BONDING - PHYSICS SONG lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505186 ACAPELLASCIENCE]]> 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505186 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505188 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505188 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505189 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505189 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505190 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505190 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505191 2021-02-12 07:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195505191 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195512325 2021-02-12 07:59:31 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195512325 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195659381 2021-02-12 09:08:13 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/1195659381 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/2273669578 2022-08-28 07:15:57 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/yw9lxlwr4f6rlxb3/wish/2273669578