2.     Cultural reproduction refers to the accumulation of values, norms, experience and understandings with one another passed through generations. Examples, different religions, social inequalities.
 
 
 

3.     Social mobility is a movement where individuals can either move up or down from their position within the social class system. The link between social mobility and education is in society, individuals will have a higher position if they have better education. This concludes individuals with poor education have lower chances to move to a higher position and vice versa for individuals who have better education, they have a high chance to get a higher position. For example, an individual having a doctor degree will have a higher chance to earn a stable job. A person who is unable to earn a degree will have a lower chance of earning a stable job. 

schooling: through educational institutions like schools, universities, or even training colleges. 

2. culture reproduction is the mechanism by which existing cultural forms, values, practices, and shared understandings are transmitted from generation to generation, thereby sustaining the continuity of cultural experience across time.

3. Social mobility is the moving of individuals, families, or groups up or down the social ladder in a society, such as moving from low-income to middle class.

Education and society both are inter-related or inter-dependent because both mutually influence each other i.e. complimentary. Without education, how we can build an ideal society, and without society how we can organize the education system.

What does an elaborated code mean? Provide an example.

What does a restricted code mean? Provide an example. 

It means a way of using language containing many unstated assumptions that speakers except others know. The restricted code is less formal with shorter phrases interjected into the middle or end of thought to confirm understanding. For example, “you know”, “you know what I mean”, “right?” and “don’t you think?”.

According to Bernstein, which code of speech prepares students for the demands of academic education systems? Explain your answer.

How is Bernstein’s theory related to debates on cultural reproduction and cultural capital?

Because most of the teachers in school come from the middle class and they develop the elaborate code in schools, those students who come from the middle class will feel comfortable with their school environment while working-class family students will have struggled in school, which means the middle-class students will get natural advantages in schooling. So it has relatively related to cultural reproduction and cultural capital.

Criticisms:
Some critics argue that his theory is a deficit hypothesis because it sees working-class culture as lacking something essential, and thus the theory tends to be an elitist one.

Sutton Trust social mobility survey has found Britons who went to private schools have a higher chance to work in high professions compared to the rest of the population. Although 7% of Britons are privately educated, research has found 39% of leading professions consists of former fee-paying pupils with leading professions. 

2. Why does Dr. Luke Heselwood regard the findings as scandalous?

These findings are scandalous according to Dr. Heselwood is because the education system requires improvements as pupils with disadvantageous have a difficult time to enter elite universities. The survey does not tackle the situation to change social mobility by taking consideration on financial barriers, adopting contextual recruitments, admissions practices and social segregation in schools. 

3. What is the difference between private schools and state schools?

Private schools are financed by their own parents while state schools and funded by the government. Private schools are usually picked because they are able to provide the academic resources for children to study while for state schools, the funding's provided by the government might not be sufficient and the resources they will receive for education may not be sufficient. 

4. Which professions do the privately educated dominate the most? What does this suggest in terms of social mobility?

Some of the professions which most heavily dominated by the privately educated include senior judges (65 per cent), civil servant permanent secretaries (59 per cent), House of Lords (57 per cent), and Foreign and Commonwealth Office diplomats (52 per cent).

5. What are the key recommendations by the report in order to improve social mobility?

First, solve economic barriers, adopt situational enrollment practices, and solve the problem of social segregation in schools. Second, day schools should be open to students based on grades rather than money. Third, improve the academic performance of poor students, and they can apply to better universities.

5. Ensure the talents of people from all backgrounds are made use of.
 
These include tackling financial barriers to specific industries and professions, especially by paying internships of significant length, and adopting contextual recruitment and admissions practices  
 
In addition, we should open up independent day schools to all pupils based on merit not money as demonstrated by our successful Open Access scheme 

2.Education serves several functions for society. These include (a) socialization, (b) social integration, (c) social placement, and (d) social and cultural innovation.

4. Social inequality persists through a system that appears to be fair but is biased in the favour of those already in power. Students' background will determine their study length in school and then determine their future. When students study in schools, they will contact the hidden- curriculum, which can be seen as the discipline and hierarchy in society. As a result, education becomes a means of reproducing the social inequalities found in capitalist societies.  For example, in the video, some schools will choose their students with their skin color, and it will cause different consequences for those students.


5. U s' education is still in the myth of meritocracy. Most people believe that they can upward mobility from hard-working and talent because they are given the same opportunity. In China, there is the same situation with Us, China's schools are highly stratified and the educational system is under strict rules. Students can become useful people only through education, it is the normal idea in China.


The education system in Indonesia is flawed because there are few public schools funded by the government. Since Indonesia consists of poverty, the high tuition fee of education is only available for those who are wealthy. People who are below the poverty line are more concerned with the needs of their daily life. Another problem is their curriculum as the government is still looking for the best curriculum. Students must learn more than 10 subjects and that could be difficult for students to focus. This show Indonesia education system is unable to provide everyone and their access to resources are not available to all. 

2. I agree where conflict theory is focused on conflict rather than the benefits of order and stability. It is stated how education is a system based on meritocracy. The conflict theory finds faults in the education system and focuses on the social inequality and the movement of social mobility. They also focuses on how middle-class are ruling over the education system and working-class students have middle-class knowledge imposed on them, which leads to a disadvantage. 

3. I don't think the conflict theory isn't based on empirical and scientific reality. As long as we look at the situation of society, for example, in the UK,  most high position jobs are embraced by those students who come from a middle or higher class. And during these years, even though extreme poverty is gradually eliminated, relative poverty hasn't, there is still a gap between different classes, and we find that it's difficult for individuals to realize upward mobility. Education seems to still reproduce such reality to some extent via stratification.

Making Media 

Media Audiences

Media Evolution And The Professional Landscape

Media Industries

Media Texts And Genres2

Year 2

Compulsory Representations

Media Technologies

News Media

The Media, Power And Politics

Elective Photography

Global Communications Strategy And Critique

Music And Events Pr And Management

Radio And Sound Production

Storytelling In Film, Television And Beyond

Tv And Video News Skills

Year 3

Optional modulesModuleCreditsPlacement Year-

Final year

Globalisation And The Media

Postcolonial Media Culture

Researching For The Media

2.Digitual culture:modules and subjects of digital culture: first year: Introduction to Social Research

Data Visualisation, Introduction to Digital Methods Research, Digital Media & Society@UoS

, Digital Media and Society. the second year: Advancing with Digital Methods, Digital Media and Social Change, Digital Storytelling, Social Research Design, and Methods. the third year: Dissertation in Digital Media and Society


Conclusion: we find that all of these majors will provide students with fundamental theories firstly, and then turn to practical courses. When taking these modules, students will initially understand the theory and methods among these modules, for example, the students from Sheffield Hallam University will have the overall media course in the first year, but when they have understood the theory and the methodology, then they will turn to some practice, such as a presentation or work placement.

5：
Edison: I agree with the functionalists' positioning of media, which endow individuals or groups with social status through reports, and make People's Daily behaviors conform to the public through reports of public behaviors. In the past, the media is not developed, a country can have a variety of cultural, and social statuses will be faster, given the speed to the public, it also conforms to the Mertonon and non's view, media reported by individuals and groups to give social status, social norms of enforcement through the media to let people know that deviate from social norms of behavior, To provide a collective experience for members of society.

Asuka； In my opinion, Functionlism's ideas are not absolutely correct or incorrect. For instance, in its theory related to the function of the society and the social facts, it does can bring these benefits to the society and make that stable. But what should be considered is that it ignores the flaw of the media, and just exaggerate its advantages of that. Sometimes media can also become the element that makes society dangerous, for example, it can become the weapon of politics.

Janice: functionalism believes that mass media is a factor that stabilizes the society, however, its not entirely true. It has its pros and cons where people can be swayed by the media easily and that can lead to undecisive outcomes

Example: Cult propaganda

4.
We agree. Functionalism is good for the mass media. Through the media, it provides continuous information flow. The media socializes us, strengthens social norms, and improves collective awareness.

2.These notions of who black people are were created by white storytellers throughout history carefully crafted to dehumanize and erase the multiplicity of black people's existence. colourism meaning：prejudice or discrimination against individuals with a dark skin tone, typically among people of the same ethnic or racial group.

3. anonymous
4. It's not reliable, because its content is ridiculous

Page 2

1. This source is about saving an endangered octopus.

2. It consists of information about the species and why its endangered, it also provides how to help.

3. Lyle Zapato. He is the CEO of Zapato and studied in Kelvinic University

4. This source is reliable because the author can be seen to have proper education.

page 3 
1. website news 
2. Obama Signs Executive Order Banning The Pledge Of Allegiance In Schools Nationwide

3. By ABC news
4. It's not reliable because its content is full of racism and discrimination.

4.  We consider they are not. Because the decision of whether a person is a criminal or deviant should depend on people's subjective discussion, and the standard of that changed with time. For example, the terms of the law changed with time, and some behaviors which are criminal and deviant before now might be legalized, and vice versa, just like in England law used to ban homosexual marriage but now it is ratified by the act of parliament.

5. In England abortion was illegal in the past but now is legalized via the abortion act. In some specific and professional institutions, women can choose to abortion.

6. Drug deal such as cocaine is legalized in some states in the US, but is forbidden such as in China and most countries.

Asuka
2. Picture a is normally been seen in our daily life but picture b is unusual, however, in most countries, both of them are not criminal.

Edison

Asuka

People in the second group are more likely to be seen as deviant than those in the first. Smoking is considered normal behavior by most people, but in the second group, very few people are exposed to their culture. So the second group is more likely to be seen as strange.

1. I think so, because their constitution discriminates against color or race, 31% of people in the United States are in prison, while Hispanics account for 16%, and if people are poorer black men, they are more likely to go to prison than others.

Zhida

2. population: the permanent population in the state.

3. central government: they have certain responsibilities, all control the territory and the administration of the territory they pass rules and create laws. the central government basically runs everything internal to the state. An example of a central government is the Federal Government of the United States of America. The government controls 50 states with their state governments and constitutions and six particular territories like Puerto Rico.

4. Sovereign or sovereignty  It means a state has the power to deal with its internal or domestic affairs without the interference of other countries. For example, Hongkong is an integral part of China, and any voices which not recognize it are violence against Chinese sovereignty.

5. Recognization It means that the state should be recognized by each other. For example, the Chinese central government considers Taiwan to be subject to China and not an independent country, but the US government always denies this fact even though from a historical perspective Taiwan has become a part of China for a long time. 

6. Monopoly on the use of force, which means that the central government of a state has the power to control the legitimate use of force inside the state. For instance, the administrative divisional has discretionary power to take charge of public safety by which the constitution gives their relevant power to do that.

5. Haiti can be seen as a state because it has a central government, even though it is a dictatorial government, the permanent population, recognization, and the sovereignty after the UN stabilization force baked out from this state.

2.Jacinda Kate Laurell Ardern is a New Zealand politician who has been serving as the 40th prime minister of New Zealand and leader of the Labour Party since 2017. 

3.Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson is a British politician serving as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party since 2019. 
 4.Justin Trudeau Canadian politician 

5.Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist.
 6. Mswati III is the king of Eswatini and head of the Swazi royal family. Mswati III is the king of Eswatini and head of the Swazi royal family.

2. The development of ICT, such as mobile phones, enables different countries' people to share their country's cultures and landscapes through the internet. For example, Christmas day is a traditional festival in western countries, however, it become prevalent in some Eastern countries such as Japan.

In addition, become the development of ICT, during the period of covid-19, most people can go out since lockdown, but they can still purchase goods online and take some important meetings online, and their process of work can proceed through their laptops, pads, and mobile phones. This will hold the development of economy

3. Globality is a social condition characterized by tight global economic, social, political, and environmental interconnections. Globality is one of the conditions the outcome of globalization, however, it can be transformed into other forms ultimately during the process of globalization.

2.
a. The 2007 Academy Award winner for Best Picture, "Infernal Affairs" is a remake of the Chinese film "Infernal Affairs" and many of the Hollywood studios, producers and actors are not born American.

b. Many foreign films include Chinese mythological creatures, such as the dragon in The Hurt Locker. There is also a lot of architecture that is a combination of East and West

For B: Companies should not be allowed to open until they meet the requirement of the ILO, because: 
1. labor conditions can best be improved over time by promoting development that improves productivity.
2. Those companies which don't meet the requirement of the ILO will exploit native resources in some developing countries, and it will take a big challenge to those domestic.
3. It will encourage developing countries to improve their labor laws and strengthen their enforcement of those laws, simultaneously. This could help both developing and developed country workers. 
4. As an example, because of the Economic liberalization promoted by  Margaret Thatcher, in the beginning, Uk did appeal to many multinational companies investing in the UK, and in that period, the Uk government invest most of the revenues in these companies. However, as long as the resources were running out, these companies exit the market of the Uk with more human resources and techniques, and the Uk government should take the responsibility for the consequence of that, which impair the economic development of the UK indirectly

c. Transformationalist 
D. internationalist

E: internationalist
F: pessimistic globalist
G：pessimistic globalist