Sample Projects! by Jennifer Porcelli

Science and Alchemy (The Four Humours) - Julian Elezaj

2023-03-16 16:07:43 UTC

Alchemy was popular in England from the Middle Ages through the 17th century and was practiced by scholars (William Backhouse, Edmund Dickinson), scientists (Isaac Newton), and clergy. It is considered a means of understanding how nature works and converting base metals into gold or other precious metals.
Francis Bacon, a British philosopher, and statesman was a key figure in the development of the scientific method based on the belief that knowledge should be based on empirical observation (based on observation and experience) rather than on ancient texts or abstract reasoning.
The Scientific Revolution wrecked religious teachings as the heliocentric model was developed against the geocentric model taught by the church, and the scientific method, which encouraged observation rather than relying on supernatural explanations.
William Harvey, an English physician, and naturalist made significant contributions to the understanding of the circulatory system and established that the heart was a pump, that pumped blood throughout our body, based on his dissections of animals.
Many alchemist books focused on transmutation, the conversion of ordinary metals, such as iron, copper, and mercury, into precious metals such as gold, silver, and platinum.
One of the oldest scientific and academic societies known as the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge was founded in 1660, in England during the Scientific Revolution. It was founded by a group of scientists, notably Robert Boyle and John Wilkins. Its main focus was to promote the scientific method and increase scientific knowledge through experimentation and observation. In addition, famed mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton served as the president of the Royal Society from 1703 to 1727.
Galileo Galilei, an Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer, was a crucial figure in the explosion of the Scientific Revolution. Galileo's telescope, one of the most powerful at the time, helped him observe space and back up the Heliocentric theory, causing the church to threaten him with torture if he did not recant his beliefs. He was sentenced to house arrest for life by the Catholic Church.
Many scientists of the Renaissance era, such as Leonardo Da Vinci, were also accomplished in other fields of study such as engineering but were also renounced, as painters and artists.
Alchemy was not just practiced in Europe during the Renaissance era. The Islamic World and China also made significant contributions to this field.
Isaac Newton's masterpiece, Principia Mathematica, solved the problems posed by Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. It proposed the concept of gravity and the laws of planetary motion which have been the standard for physics and astronomy to this day.

Sources:
“The Scientific Revolution.” YouTube, 14 July 2019, https://youtu.be/w70BkCqgyyI. Accessed 15 Mar. 2023.

“Alchemy: History of Science.” YouTube, YouTube, 11 June 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxiLuz9kHi0&ab_channel=CrashCourse. Accessed 15 Mar. 2023.

McKay, John P., et al. “Chapter 16: Toward a New World View.” A History of Western Society, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, Massachusetts, 2007, pp. 502–539.

Arms, Weapons, and Dueling - Jay Zhao

2023-03-16 16:09:11 UTC

When you think about Arms and Weapons, the first reaction is usually war. Arms and armor used for warfare back in the renaissance must be practical for the soldiers, providing protection and functionality without giving them a disadvantage in battle. Anything extra would increase the weight of the armor without providing extra protection and it's a stupid thing to do when you are fighting for your life.
- However, armors designed for practical uses are often decorated if the decorations do not impede their functions.
Aside from war, tournaments were also a popular exercise where combatants would use the same equipment they use for war. Different from war, extra protection and dulled lance heads were introduced as a way of protection for the participants.
With the constant evolution of weapons and armor on the battlefields, some outdated gear is still continued to be used in tournaments. This eventually led to the development of specialized armor designed for tournaments instead of war. Some specially designed armor called garnitures can be adapted for both battle fields and tournaments depending on the addition of different pieces and plates.
Different from tournaments, duels were "an encounter between two or more individuals with equal numbers on each side that results in combat where both parties are equally armed..." In official and Judicial duels where the two sides are accompanied by judges and spectators, they would search for hidden weapons, armor, and even amulets because of witchcraft.
Other than the entertaining and fair judicial dues, extra-judicial duels are considered criminal offenses. It was so bad that even churches in the 1600s threaten ex-communication for those individuals taking part in duels. Also stating that those who were killed in a duel could not be buried in hallowed ground.
Weapons during the Renaissance in England were not as powerful as the firearms we owned today, not only was it legal to carry weapons around with them, weapons were a crucial part of a man's wardrobe.
People were allowed to carry anything from swords and daggers to crossbows, polearms(Pole weapons), and even firearms(Muskets) if they could afford it. Picking out a weapon was like picking a shirt from your wardrobe, but the most popular was always the sword.
- The earlier double-edged sword to cut and hack
- The 1530s "trusting" swords(The one Hamlet used in the movie) were lighter with pointed blades.
- Best of all, rapiers, it was long, thin, sharp, flexible, and it had a hand guard.
As weapons become more regularly fixed in a man's wardrobe, some people wanted to be special. Sword belts, scabbards, hilts, and other accessories can be tailored to complement existing outfits. They could adore their weapons with etchings, precious metals, jewels, and even 680 diamonds if they had the money.
With everyone carrying weapons in the streets, chain mail sleeves were also invented as a defense mechanism. It is made of 28,000–50,000 iron links that could be hidden under clothing or added to the lining of a jacket or vest.
Apart from the normal weapons, there were some of the swords, maces, firearms, shields, and armor are made for decoration and ceremonial purposes. Intending to imitate the styles used by heroic figures, many protective features have been abandoned for theatrical and symbolic effect.

Old Elizabethan Recipes Amaya C.

2023-03-16 16:12:02 UTC

The tomato, the potato, and turkey were one of the first kinds of foods introduced in the New World.
Sugar had been imported to England, and are originally obtained from sugar cane.
For someone who wasn't financially right, a fast food meal was a blessing.
The early Crusaders had some of the Eastern cookeries in England that needed spices like pepper, cinnamon, mace, ginger, cloves, raisins, saffron, and sugar.
In old times the people who didn't have money could only rely on the leftovers from the pies and tarts they bought from the street.
Spices were really expensive so only upper-class people could buy and use them in their recipes.
Some plants and Herbs used are Avens, Purslane, Orach, Rose Hips, and so much more.
Water was not the safest thing to drink, Ale and beer were safer to drink.
Almond milk was a big part of Elizabeth's bakery recipes, this was the base and/or the thickening agent of most of the recipes.
The wine was originally imported from Spain, France, Greece, Madeira, and other different countries.

Arms, Weapons, and Dueling - Renato Chubok

2023-03-16 16:13:25 UTC

Bladed weapons, such as swords and daggers, were the most common objects owned, but knives, crossbows, polearms, and firearms were also during the time of the Renaissance.
The Renaissance era saw the rise of the first guns in Western Europe, and they changed the face of warfare forever.
Duels would be a way of restoring one's honor by demonstrating a willingness to face death. Duels began as a way to settle personal disagreements outside of a court of law.
Armour was a profoundly personal art form for the Renaissance knights and noblemen who wore it. It not only protected them in combat, but it also identified them, setting them apart from other men and broadcasting all sorts of complex visual messages
One of the deadliest weapons of the Elizabethan Weapon was the Rapier. The rapier was the favorite among the swords that were in practice. Although the sword was wider, it was, slender, and more sharply pointed. Hence trained soldiers preferred the rapier the most.
Soldiers were required to learn to fence with different kinds of swords which included broadswords, cutting swords, and rapiers. After the training, the same things were used even in the war.
The Pike was much appreciated among the Renaissance weapons. It was one of the simplest of weapons, being merely a long, narrow, lance-like head of steel strengthened by lengthy strips of metal, which ran for a considerable distance down the pole, rendering it almost immune from sword cuts.
As you raise in ranks, your armor, and clothing were different from the other men that would go to war with you. Some would wear plate amour and some would wear chainlink amour.
People used to have tournaments to see among the people who were the best swordsmen and most likely were respected for their ability to handle a weapon with such perfection. People still do it to this day but wear protective armor.
Overall weapons were widely used and if you didn't know how to use one then you must learn quickly since Europe was constantly at war.

Arms and Armor in Renaissance Europe

*ೃ༄ The Role of Female Beauty Standards in Renaissance Italy - Dayanna Clavel .ೃ࿐

9616068 — 2023-03-16 16:20:38 UTC

✧˚ · .❝ Beauty was seen as a women duty ❞ ˚ · .✧

༶•┈┈୨♡୧┈┈•༶

🎀 Beauty 🎀

: ̗̀➛ Just to win over males, women would endeavor to be beautiful. Being pretty was no longer regarded as a characteristic that only some women possessed, but rather as something that all women should strive to obtain. Men considered it a severe failure of the marriage if she failed to uphold a standard of attractiveness. ·˚ ༘

: ̗̀➛ The standards for female beauty in the Renaissance were just as strict as those today. The ideal woman was intended to have a high white forehead, long, wavy golden blonde hair, and dark brown eyes. ·˚ ༘

🫧 Hygiene 🫧

: ̗̀➛ Health risks developed as society advanced over the 20th century to include greater industry, frequent overcrowding, and two global wars. In order to encourage residents to practice excellent hygiene for a healthier society, governments established programs. ·˚ ༘

: ̗̀➛ Personal hygiene was reconstructed through Christian belief and practice, becoming more strongly connected with the health of the soul. Hence, traditional sanitary dietary guidelines evolved into condemnations of the "sins" of overeating and intoxication. The two defining features of hygiene at this period were self-help and an escalating asceticism. ·˚ ༘

🌸 Cosmetology 🌸

: ̗̀➛ The Renaissance was a period of European culture that started in Florence in the 1400s, expanded across the majority of the continent, and lasted through the first decades of the 16th century. The idea of what was considered beautiful altered because the Renaissance era was characterized by an idolization of the works of art and literature produced by the ancient civilizations of Rome and Greece. ·˚ ༘

: ̗̀➛ The ssavy Renaissance beauty had unique hair preferences. The upper-class sophisticate desired a high hairline since at the time, a wide, high forehead was considered to be a crucial component of beauty. In order to get the desired impression, many women who did not have naturally high foreheads pluck their hairlines. ·˚ ༘

: ̗̀➛ White lead, mercury, and vermilion powders were used in Renaissance cosmetics (derived from cinnabar). Pallor was highly prized by women at this time. Women who lacked the required pale ivory skin utilized white lead powder to make up for their lack of it. Also remaining fair, the cheeks required a slight shine. The white lead powder would occasionally include mercury before being applied to the cheek area to provide the desired result. Moreover, some Renaissance ladies utilized white lead powder that had been mixed with mercury to emphasize their bust lines. ·˚ ༘

: ̗̀➛ The Secreti Medicinali, a collection of recipes by Pietro Bairo, features a wide range of recipes for beauty products in addition to treatments for conditions including toothaches and hemorrhoids. These recipes are not just for women; many of them claim to treat hair loss and boldness. Some of them try to whiten teeth or tint white hair black again. Nonetheless, the majority of the recipes cater to the conventional standards for female attractiveness. ·˚ ༘

: ̗̀➛ Not only were women at risk for skin burns and eye infections when they attempted to meet society's ideals for beauty. They might also face moral judgment. Christian religion holds that wearing makeup to enhance your beauty could be harmful to the condition of your immortal soul. ·˚ ༘

: ̗̀➛ The value of a woman was determined by her interactions with men, including her husband, father, and God. One intriguing and crucial aspect of this period is the belief that a wife's behavior and appearance should represent her husband's rank. Women during this time period did everything they could to maintain a healthy, attractive appearance since not only was her reputation at risk, but also that of her spouse. ·˚ ༘

: ̗̀➛ For the desired effect, many women who lacked a naturally high forehead pluck their hairlines. Other women chose to wear jeweled turbans or hats, which were also common at the time, to conceal their hairlines. Most Renaissance ladies braided their hair, frequently in quite intricate designs, and pulled it back close against their skin behind their head covering. ·˚ ༘

༶•┈┈୨♡୧┈┈•༶

Video
ˏˋ°•*⁀➷
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZqPnFj997Bk&t=459s ೄྀ࿐ ˊˎ-

Elizabethan Fashion Quadeer smith

2023-03-16 18:15:04 UTC

Elizabethan style demanded a tight upper body paired with a voluminous lower body.
For men, linen underclothes shirt and long shorts were often embroidered and given lace decoration.
An alternative to the kirtle was wearing a series of light skirts
Children of the wealthy were typically dressed as if they were miniature adults
the higher ranks being able to wear gold cloth.
All of the dye used for coloring fabrics in the Elizabethan era were produced from natural sources like woad, madder, lichen and weld
The materials worn during the Elizabethan era provided instant information about the status of the person wearing them.
some of the shoes they wore were clogs they were a wooden shoe made for outdoors,Pinsons are a safe shoe
the ruff was a white collar the men and women,children wore as a fashional piece
Former ages were rarely keen on washing. A deodorant could be made from camomile, wormwood and alum, which may have worked

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1577/clothes-in-the-
elizabethan-era/

https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/clothing-in-
elizabethan-england

https://historicalbritain.org/2013/07/22/elizabethan-ruffs

https://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/elizabethan-shoes.htm

˚ ༘♡ ⋆｡˚

9616068 — 2023-03-16 21:15:01 UTC

₊˚ପ⊹ Links & Citations ✧.*

╰┈➤ ೄྀ࿐ ˊˎ-
https://www.historyhit.com/culture/female-beauty-renaissance/

Roller, Sarah. “The Role of Female Beauty Standards in Renaissance Italy.” History Hit, History Hit, 7 Nov. 2022, https://www.historyhit.com/culture/female-beauty-renaissance/.

╰┈➤ ೄྀ࿐ ˊˎ-https://science.jrank.org/pages/9721/Hygiene-Middle-Ages-Renaissance-200-1700-C-E.html

“Hygiene - the Middle Ages and Renaissance, 200–1700 C.E.” The Middle Ages And Renaissance, 200–1700 C.e. - Regimens, Practice, Medical, and Hygienic - JRank Articles, https://science.jrank.org/pages/9721/Hygiene-Middle-Ages-Renaissance-200-1700-C-E.html.

╰┈➤ ೄྀ࿐ ˊˎ-http://www.thebeautybiz.com/78/article/history/beauty-through-ages-renaissance

“Beauty through the Ages - the Renaissance.” The Beauty Biz - Article, http://www.thebeautybiz.com/78/article/history/beauty-through-ages-renaissance.

╰┈➤ ೄྀ࿐ ˊˎ-https://www.leidenmedievalistsblog.nl/articles/makeup-and-female-beauty-standards-in-renaissance-italy

“Makeup and Female Beauty Standards in Renaissance Italy.” Universiteit Leiden, 10 July 2020, https://www.leidenmedievalistsblog.nl/articles/makeup-and-female-beauty-standards-in-renaissance-italy.

╰┈➤ ೄྀ࿐ ˊˎ-
https://www.eviemagazine.com/post/the-weird-and-dangerous-beauty-standards-of-renaissance-italy

Sydel, Simone. “The Weird and Dangerous Beauty Standards of Renaissance Italy.” Evie Magazine, Https://Images.ctfassets.net/ydv6sq0kb5bw/VPXcVUzPNoYjdNmMuwo8m/a2be598830e9b26d963308c6e3cab05b/Evie-Logo.png, 4 Nov. 2021, https://www.eviemagazine.com/post/the-weird-and-dangerous-beauty-standards-of-renaissance-italy.

9616068 — 2023-03-16 21:15:22 UTC

THANK YOU ┊͙ ˘͈ᵕ˘͈

Theater & Costumes - Jazelle Shipton

2023-03-17 14:38:52 UTC

Actors & Costumes -
Actors performed nearly continually of the temporal length of occurrence or entity's life. As skilled was a fast switch middle from two points performances, little former abandoned for rehearsals, goal the performers needed good hopes.

Female Roles -
In the Elizabethan day, girls were prohibited from acting in plays. Instead, young fellows performed the mothers.

Costumes & Makeup -
The suits used by these performers were very expensive and commonly created in coloured cloths to a degree sleek, fabric and understand.

Similarities and Differences to the 21st Century -
Unlike the stars of the Elizabethan era, actors at this time are well respected and highly rewarded. Theatre actors generally give months rehearsing a play then act twice a day for any of weeks. Many women are actors and are frequently paid quite abundant amounts of money, unlike the young guys who played women in Shakespearean times.

𝓐𝓼𝓱𝓲𝔂𝓪𝓱 𝓛𝓪𝔀𝓻𝓮𝓷𝓬𝓮

2023-03-17 14:59:10 UTC

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐞𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐝𝐞 𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐬, 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬, 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬, 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬, 𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐬, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐬, 𝐦𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐫𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐬 𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐚𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐲.
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐞𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐞, 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐮𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐮𝐬𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐮𝐬𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐬𝐞.
𝐁𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬, 𝐰𝐞𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐚 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐞𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐢𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐢 (𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐬)𝐖𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐚 𝐯𝐞𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐭, 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐞𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬.
𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐝, 𝐮𝐬𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐢𝐧 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐫 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧. 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐮𝐬𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐟:

𝐋𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞
𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫
𝐖𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐥𝐨𝐯𝐞
𝐃𝐮𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐞, 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐩𝐨𝐨𝐫 𝐰𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐲 𝐠𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐚 𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐦𝐚𝐲 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐬.
𝐃𝐮𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐞, 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐩𝐨𝐨𝐫 𝐰𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐲 𝐠𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐖𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐡𝐮𝐬𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐬. 𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐰𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝 𝐨𝐧 𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞.
𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐡𝐨𝐦𝐞.
𝐂𝐨𝐮𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐰𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐰𝐞𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐦𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐬. 𝐑𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐰𝐞𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐥𝐢𝐤𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐥 𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐡 𝐝𝐨𝐨𝐫.
𝐑𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐠𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐦.
𝐀𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐤𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐝, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐰𝐚𝐢𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡𝐥𝐲 𝟒𝟎 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐰𝐞𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐲 𝐭𝐨𝐨𝐤 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞. 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐝 𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐚𝐬 𝐂𝐡𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐦𝐚𝐬, 𝐄𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭.
𝐆𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐦𝐬 𝐡𝐚𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐩𝐚𝐲 𝐚 "𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭" 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐞𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐟 𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐭 𝐰𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐡𝐢𝐦 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐞. 𝐀𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐝 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐨𝐧, 𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐰𝐞𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐲.

The Globe Theatre - Nathan Point-Dujour

2023-03-17 15:11:31 UTC

in 1613 someone set off a cannon in the theater and the building caught fire and burnt down
We had to fight for special permission to have our thatched roof, as there has been a law against thatched buildings in London since the Great Fire of 1666!
There’s a trapdoor on the bottom of the stage that leads to “hell” and one above the stage that leads to “heaven”
The Globe Theater was built by the two brothers, Richard and Cuthburt Burbage.
The first ever Shakespeare play was the Julius Ceasar play in 1599.
The current theatre only stands a couple yards away from the original theatre.
Some parts of The Globe Theatre that was built in the renaissance era was built from stolen timbers.
Shakespeare was a part-owner of The Globe Theatre. He owned about 13% of the theatre.
"The Globe" is a reference to Hercules who carried the Earth on his back. He was and is still very famous in classical Greek mythology.
Since there were no actresses allowed, all the roles and plays were performed by male actors.

Food, drink & Elizabethan recipes

2023-03-17 15:19:00 UTC

Clouted Cream Old Elizabethan

The Clouted cream milk was milked in the morning and was warmed up at noon. The Clouted cream should be warmed at a cool temperature not too hot not too cold, when the Clouted cream gets super hot it starts to bubble up, let it sit and get hard then sit it out over night.
For Queen Elizabeth her meals were prepared at home but others had communal ovens for people to take there dough. when they brought the dough they made bread or stew.
" Even the humblest of kitchens would have had such indispensable cooking and preparation aids as a large brass pot and iron pan, a spit for roasting over the fire, a milk pail and sundry containers, utensils and serving dishes for food made of wood, clay or pewter. "
Fast food was also a common thing back in Elizabethan time, for poor people it was a blessing fresh food for cheap.
The drinks most common, Ale or Beer, the water was so contaminated, that drinking Ale or Beer was way safer. most people grow their own food and drinks
when going to markets freemen were allowed to sell their products, Markets were usually ran by the lord mayor. House wives didn't have to walk for to get to the market because the markets were scattered everywhere.
The use of refined sugar, sugar was every important and very expensive, The wealthy would eat so much sugar to where their teeth would turn black.

2023-03-17 15:21:37 UTC

The Skills of Globe Theater Actors -
The Globe, that opened in 1599, enhanced the playhouse place audiences first proverb some of Shakespeare's best-known plays. In 1613, it charred to the ground when the roof taken fire during a accomplishment of Shakespeare's Henry VIII. A new, second Globe was quickly erected on the same location, opening in 1614.

The Income of a Globe Theater Actors -
The fees of actors varied in accordance with their position in the theater. The youth actors who accepted the female roles were paid the smallest of all actors. The Admiral’s Men compensated boy players three shillings a period. The boys were ignorant to adult actors and their wages command a price of to their masters who gave bureaucracy board and lodging and a limited allowance in return. Part players command a price of a daily wage of nearly one bait per day. The main players command a price of at least two shillings per era.

Jade Burton

2023-03-20 14:37:57 UTC

_{- The average life Life expectancy was 30/35 years and 1 in 5 children died at birth.

-Medical care mostly and strictly depended on herbs and superstition.

-Hospitals were used for people who were sick, poor, and blind but also pilgrims, travelers, orphans, people with mental illness, and individuals who had nowhere else to go.

- Wine was used as an antiseptic for washing out wounds and preventing infection and ointments and cauterization were used by surgeons when treating wounds.}

_{-They created a theory that indicated four different bodily fluids, which were called humor, influenced human health. The theory was that these humors had to be in balance or perfect or a person would become sick physically or mentally causing depression.

-The imbalance of blood was thought to be the cause of fever, headache, apoplexy, etc.

-Diseases and epidemics that occurred at this time were leprosy, bubonic plague, smallpox, tuberculosis, scabies, erysipelas, anthrax, trachoma, sweating sickness, and dancing mania

-The worst pandemic was the black death. The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic that took place in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353. This pandemic was labeled the most fatal pandemic in human history because it caused the deaths of over 75–200 million people.

-Illness affected rural and urban day laborers, especially ones that work outside on the field but that didn't stop it from affecting the rich and famous.

-Herbs were a very important form of medication and herb gardens were made to produce herbs to resolve each imbalance humor. You could also obtain these herbs from the local apothecary or witch.}https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323533

https://interestingengineering.com/health/13-medical-practices-of-the-renaissance-that-are-still-used-today

https://www.britannica.com/topic/public-health/The-Middle-Ages

https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sickness-and-disease

ps://youtu.be/iGiZXQVGpbY

Queen Elizabeth I - Ergi Demiraj

2023-03-20 15:35:42 UTC

Elizabeth was born in Greenwich on September /7/ 1533. Her father was Henry the 8th and her mother was Anne Burrell. Her mother was executed when she was just 2 years old. Her education relied on Catherine Parr, Henry's last wife, and she ensured Elizabeth was highly educated.
As a child, Elizabeth was a bright student and she understood how things worked easily. When the marriage between her mother and father was annulled, she lost her privileges as a princess and became a royal illegitimate bastard. Her relationship with her sister wasn't bad, but they were not as close because of their different religious beliefs. Her brother, Prince Edward was closer to Elizabeth because of their close age and the same religion. When they were informed of their father's death, Elizabeth was holding the crying Edward in her arms.
When Anne died, Henry married another wife Jane Seymour, which was Anne's maid of honor. She cared about Elizabeth and made sure that her needs were provided for. Jane was also Prince Edward's mother, but she died a few days after giving birth. Henry's fifth wife had a larger impact on Elizabeth because she took interest in her and cared for her. Just like her mother, Katherine was caused of adultery and was executed. Katherine Parr was a loving lady that cared about the royal children. She tried to give the children a home and she was also Henry's last wife.
Henry the 8 died in 1547 and Edward, Elizabeth's half-brother became the King. Edward died 6 years later in 1553 and Elizabeth's older half-sister, Mary I or Bloody Mary became the Queen of England. Mary was Catholic, while Elizabeth was Protestant, so Elizabeth was imprisoned in the Tower of London during Mary's reign.
Mary died in 1558 and Elizabeth was crowned Queen of England at 25 years old. She returned to Protestantism in England while also applying religious tolerance to other religions like Catholicism. Elements of Catholicism remained in the Church of England, one example being the crucifix. The Catholic leaders of the Parliament were released from their position, and that decreased the influence of the Catholic Church in the government.
When Elizabeth took the throne, the people wanted her to have an heir to continue the legacy. Perhaps because she had seen her father's relationship with a lot of women, she hated the idea of marriage. Her best friend since childhood said that Elizabeth knew she wasn't going to marry when she got older. She had a few suspected romantic interests, but she refused to marry or give an heir. This led to people being worried about the line of succession, and they revolted to make Mary Queen of Scotts an heir, in case something happens to Elizabeth.
During Elizabeth, the I's reign, England saw a golden age of progress. Exploration brought back prestige and wealth to England. In 1580, Francis Drake became the first Englishman to successfully circumnavigate the world. England's conquers also formed a colony in North America, called Virginia.
The relationship between England and Spain worsened when Elizabeth became the Queen of England. There were threats of putting her cousin, Mary Queen of Scotts on the throne from Catholic followers. At the start, an alliance was formed with the Spanish to fight against the Dutch and French. Spain attempted to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and that further soured the relationship between the countries. Spain sent Armanda which was defeated in the Channel in 1588, thanks to conditions like bad weather. Queen Elizabeth was viewed as a Goddess of Victory and England remained the ruler of the seas during her reign.
As time went on, Elizabeth couldn't handle the change in time and she started getting old. Many people viewed her as an immortal monarch that would bring victory in wars, but time was stronger than her. She had changed from a cool-minded monarch that acted based on rationality to an old woman that was very emotional. She had suffered several medical illnesses, end even some mental illnesses. By the Late winter of 1602/3, Elizabeth was feeling unwell. As her condition got worse, her favorite Archbishop, Whitgift, was called. Everyone present wanted to know who would succeed to her throne after her death. She may have not responded, but James VI, King of Scotland, was named king for the sake of keeping order.
"I will be as good unto ye as ever a Queen was unto her people. No will in me can lack, neither do I trust shall there lack any power. And persuade yourselves that for the safety and quietness of you al,l I will not spare if need be to spend my blood." - said Elizabeth during her Coronation.

Sources:

“Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Queen of England.” YouTube, YouTube, 13 Nov. 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfgeLdXA87I.
“Elizabeth I (1558 - 1603) - 10 Minute History.” YouTube, YouTube, 2 June 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UvCd6yi1Bao.
Ap Euro Book
Ciara.Berry. “Elizabeth I (R.1558-1603).” The Royal Family, 3 Aug. 2018, https://www.royal.uk/elizabeth-i.
“Queen Elizabeth I(1533-1603).” Elizabethi.org, https://www.elizabethi.org/.

Shakespearean tragedy and the Tragic Hero - Xinlong Y

2023-03-20 15:41:16 UTC

Shakespeare wrote several tragedies such as Othello, King Lear, Hamlet, and Macbeth. While his tragedies were influenced by Greek tragedies, they differ in their characteristics. Shakespearean tragedies are based on the downfall of a protagonist, but they don't follow the same form as ancient Greek tragedies.

One Man Show

Shakespeare's tragedies typically revolve around a single protagonist, with a larger cast of characters compared to Greek tragedies (excluding the chorus). Despite the other characters experiencing their own ups and downs throughout the plot, the hero remains the central figure of the play. In some of his love tragedies, such as Antony and Cleopatra and Romeo and Juliet, the heroine also gains the audience's attention

Social Status of Hero

Shakespeare's tragedies feature protagonists who hail from prestigious social standings, much like Greek and Roman heroes. The heroes in his plays are kings (Julius Caesar, King Lear), princes (Hamlet), nobles (Macbeth, Brutus), or military commanders (Othello). This convention was also followed in earlier tragedies, which adhered to the Greek tradition. Some critics have accused Shakespeare of snobbery, arguing that the suffering of a common man is no different from that of a king or noble. However, Shakespeare believed that the tragedy of a king or nobleman would garner more sympathy from a wider audience, whereas the tragedy of a common man would only resonate with a smaller, more limited group

Tragic Fall of Hero

Shakespearean tragedies follow a formulaic plot in which the protagonist faces escalating misfortunes, often due to their own missteps or errors. The magnitude of suffering builds throughout the play, peaking in the fourth act. Although the hero ultimately meets a tragic death, other characters may also suffer similar fates. The underlying theme of these tragedies is the close association between suffering and tragedy

The Cause of Suffering and Death

While Greek tragedies attribute tragedy to destiny, Shakespearean tragedies instead hold the characters responsible for their downfall. The presence of hamartia, or a character flaw, leads to suffering and death, although fate may also play a role. Shakespeare's characters are flawed and complex, and it is the characters themselves that determine their destiny in these tragedies

Moral Values and Poetic Justice

Shakespeare did not concern himself with poetic justice, where characters are rewarded or punished in proportion to their deeds. Instead, in his tragedies, only the hero suffers due to their flaw, while other innocent characters become collateral damage. While villains are always punished, their destructive influence often ensnares innocent characters. For instance, in Othello, Desdemona and Emilia are killed despite their innocence, due to the villain's intricate plot. The moral impact of Shakespeare's tragedies is not pessimistic, but rather evokes pity and fear in the reader

Structure of Shakespearean tragedy

Shakespearean plays typically follow a five-act structure, with each act serving a distinct purpose. Act one establishes the setting, introduces the main characters, and begins the action. Act two advances the plot and adds complications. Act three is the turning point, featuring the climax and the protagonist's realization of their mistake. Act four follows through with the consequences of act three, leading to the final act. Act five concludes the play with the outcome and revelation, ultimately resulting in the tragic death of the hero

Supernatural Elements and Chance Happening in Shakespearean Tragedies

In addition to the protagonist's fatal flaw, external factors such as supernatural occurrences and chance events also contribute to the tragic fall in Shakespearean plays. These elements play a role in shaping the destiny of characters, prompting them to commit irrational or heinous acts that ultimately lead to their downfall. For example, the use of supernatural elements in Macbeth and Hamlet, or the chance event of the handkerchief in Othello. However, it is ultimately the hero's own character that is the root cause of their tragic fall

Three Unities in Shakespearean Tragedy

Shakespearean tragedies don't adhere to Aristotle's three unities - unity of place, time, and action. Aristotle believed that a tragedy should take place in a single location, within a day, and follow a single story without subplots. However, Shakespeare's plays take place in various locations, span longer periods of time, and feature multiple subplots. Therefore, Shakespearean tragedies are more flexible in their structure compared to Aristotle's set patterns.

Source

https://literaryenglish.com/characteristics-of-shakespearean-tragedy/

Almanie Reyes

2023-03-20 15:43:41 UTC

-Back in the 1600's when the black plague was around their wasn't really that much well educated doctors like their is today in fact the doctors were not really eligible to be a doctor majority of them were Philolophers of Aristotle.
-The black plague was originated in the parish of saint Charles that was where the Plague was started and also from trades between Europe and china though rat diseases.
-The victims that would get the plague would have severe symptoms of fevers,coughing of blood,and painful blisters and bruises all over the body.
-If one of your family members got sick and died you would be stuck i a house with them till you then came to the inevitable and died and the whole time you where their you were being watched so that you could not leave.
-Over one hundred thousand people died during the black plague in London alone.
-The "doctors" used to try their techniques and practices on criminals or people who where being convicted o any crime.
-The doctors usted to try a method that was called blood letting where they will make a cut and just let you bleed a couple of pints of blood so that you could "survive" this technique was not effective .
-If it wasn't for their being cold weathers in London to this day their would still be the black plague over their,the winter coming was the main reason the remaining civilians lived because it killed off almost all of the diseases.
-The black plague did not only affect us humans but also effected animals a lot of people that were thinking of feeling alone couldn't because even their cows would die from the disease.
-What really helped kill off the black plague was when their was the big London fires and that was what killed off almost every rat and infection that was in the area.
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100 Years War - Deion Tunngeth

2023-03-20 15:45:48 UTC

- This war lasted 116 years from the Battle of Crecy of 1346 to the Battle of Agincourt in 1415

- The Black Prince caputures the French king with 7000 men in his squad and kept him in London for 4 years. The Black Prince used their truce as an advantage to capture the king.

- This war was over territorial rights and it just kept on advancing onward and onward. It was a series of conflicts only between England and the French. This was Englands big victory over the french.

Queen Elizabeth - By Gahen's Saint fleur

2023-03-20 15:52:19 UTC

. Elisabeth was the queen of England and Ireland she was born on September 7th 1533 , she had seven siblings, she was named "The virgin queen". Raised by her parents, after her father's death she became the queen of England and Ireland, had no children neither a husband. Robert Dudley was her favorite because many believed they were in love for a long term-suitor. Queen Elisabeth was suffering smallpox. She died on March 24th 1603, but it wasn't the cause of death.

2023-03-20 15:53:22 UTC

What the actors clothes were made of -
As quickly as a character went on the stage the fabric and color of welcome clothing would display the role of the personality he was playing. Elizabethan Nobles and Upper classes used clothing made of velvet's, furs, silks, lace, cottons and fabric.

As undecided Ages, the fabrics used to create costume of the Elizabethans were wool and linen. Clothing used by the upper classes more included silk, understand, and other imported materials.

2023-03-20 15:56:30 UTC

2023-03-20 16:02:53 UTC

The Globe Theater -
As you see here in this video, the little Shakespeare guy talks about the Globe theater and who built the Globe theater with their bare hands. He also talks about how there has never been such a thing in Britain when they made and performed plays at the Globe theater. The most famous plays such as, Hamlet, Romeo & Juliet, and Henry V have performed there and no one could do it as good as they did it back then.

Crime and Punishment- Andrew Alexander

2023-03-20 19:52:23 UTC

Back in the Renaissance there were a lot of punishment the most punishment you will get is the pillory – the criminal stood with his head and his hands through holes in a wooden plank. and the people will throw things at them while they are in the wooden plank.
One of the most painful punishment was that the offender will get his or her ear off or get nailed into the the pillory.
In the Renaissance there was a crime punishment you will get and that was a sentence of whipping meaning that you will get whip in the offender’s back was laid open raw and bloody, as they will staggered along the appointed route through the city.
There were also burning as a punishment and also hanging that left the Renaissance people chain up and left to death.
There was this object that could really brake your whole body and it's called the torture rack which is most widely used instrument of torture, designed to stretch the victim’s body, eventually dislocating the limbs and ripping them from their sockets. At the Tower it was also known as the Duke of Exciter's Daughter, as it was claimed to be the invention of the Duke, a Constable of the Tower in the 15th century.
The Tower of London served primary as a royal places and a place of imprisonment for those accused of treason or other serious crimes it was also the site of many executions.
There was some crimes that could've commit for the women it will be that Women who murdered their husbands, though, were burned at the stake.
For the men will be would uselessly be hanging and if they a thief or do rape, and arson were also capital offenses. meaning if they found guilty they get hang or get there heads off.
In the tower of London there was no prison or jail when it exist so there was and if they did not pay there debts could also be confined in jail.
Heretics means A person believing in or practicing religious heresy. means that will get burned to death at the stake and if they are traitors they will get hanged for a short period and cut down while they were still alive. They were then disemboweled and their intestines were thrown into a fire or a pot of boiling water. Next, their arms and legs were cut off. Finally, they were beheaded.

Arms, Weapons, Dueling -Hailey Marquette

2023-03-21 01:58:55 UTC

The most common objects that were owned during this time was bladed weapons such as swords, daggers, and knives. Crossbows, pole arms and firearms were also common but not as much.
The type of people to own these objects could have been from any occupations and from different social classes, such as blacksmiths, silk merchants, painters, potters, sculptors and barbers.
Swords were the most popular weapons to be owned by men. Swords had many different varieties, out of all the renaissance weapons the sword went under the most changes, thus, affecting how they were worn on people and used.
There were many different types of swords. There was the arming sword, it was a single-handed weapon from the high Middle Ages, the longsword was a European weapon utilizes during the later Medieval era, it had a hit that measured 10 to 15 inches long, broadsword which was a substantial, straight, and had double-edged blades, and Falchions which was a single edged and single-handed sword.
The next popular was the daggers. The sword and the dagger went hand in hand, especially being used to duel.
Another weapon that was appreciated during this time was a Pike, it was a long narrow, lance-like steel, and had lengthy set of strips of metal. It was over 20 to no less than 10 feet. it was sort of spear like.
Dueling was the combat between two persons, both armed with lethal weapons. It was held to settle quarrels and a point of honor. They used this method instead of using the usual process of justice.
The process of loading and firing a matchlock gun was long and complicated. To defeat this obstacle a new Calvery maneuver was invented.
Armor, which was most commonly associated with warfare was also used for other things such as, hunting, tournaments, and parade costumes.
They also had armor for horses and dogs. Horse armor was more common for protection for certain occasions, were with dogs it was rare and only was used for hunting and warfare.
www.britannica.com/topic/duel, Renaissance Weapons (renaissance-spell.com), Defence, Honour, and Dress - Refashioning the Renaissance (refashioningrenaissance.eu), Renaissance Weapons - Sword Scholar, Arms and Armor in Renaissance Europe | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History (metmuseum.org)

Nasheed Ashton

2023-03-21 03:58:23 UTC

- Patients with neurological disorders, such as epilepsy would have a hole drilled into their skulls “to let the demons out.” The name of this is trepanning.

- The average life expectancy was 30-35 years old, and 1 in 5 children died at birth. Due to the lack of medical knowledge.

- Common diseases at this time were smallpox, Hansen’s disease (leprosy), and the Black Death.

- In 1665–1666, the Black Death killed 20 percent of the population of London.

- Herbs were very important, and monasteries had extensive herb gardens they used seeds that looked like miniature skulls to treat headache.

- Doctors gave patients liquid tobacco filled enema´s to treat hernia.

- Doctors used spit to treat skin irritation and earwax mixed with mud to treat migraines.

- The roasted flesh of “well nourished kittens” relieved jaundice.

SOURCES :
https://www.britannica.com/topic/public-health/The-Middle-Ages
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zyscng8/revision/8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ow3RYxZtIBM
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/
https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/63795/11-strange-remedies-used-renaissance-doctors

Crime, Punishment, and The Tower of London- Savannah Garcia

2023-03-21 15:43:54 UTC

One of the oldest's and most famous prisons is the Tower of London although it was not meant to be used as a prison in the first place
Prisoners were executed by beheading, firing squad, or hanging which didn't matter your title because even some well-known names came across this tower
John Gerald went as a spy in 1588 until one of his servants snitched on him which led him to be held captive
John Gerald managed to escape the tower with the help of friends and it remained undiscovered for eight years which led him to right a book about the torture in the tower
The prisons were full and filled with diseases of mostly offenders against the civil law

Crime and punishment - Anee'ya lawson

2023-03-21 15:53:26 UTC

Back in the day the renaissance had alot of punishments and one of the punishments were carting being carried through the city in a cart, or riding backwards on a horse, wearing a placard describing the offence.
Elizabethan Tortures were very excruciatingly painful and violent. tortures were use to extract confessions for crime. the Wheel and Thumbscrews were all excruciating methods of Elizabethan tortures.
The upper class was well educated, wealthy and associated with royalty and high members of the clergy. They would often become involved in Political intrigue and matters of religion.
Heretics were burned to death at the stake. Traitors were hanged for a short period and cut down while they were still alive.
The most common crimes were, theft, cut purses, begging and poaching. Theft was a very bad crime in those times.
The primary crime was adultery it was defined as one who had sexual intercourse with another that they were not married or engaged to
The murder rate in elizabethan england was about 1 in 10,000 by comparison it is now 1 in 1000,000.
Begging/unemployment was against the law. it was illegal to live in great britain without an employer.
There were prisons, and they were full, and rife with disease. But they mostly held offenders against the civil law, such as debtors.
The most crimes committed were Larceny / Theft. Larceny-theft hits the top of the crime list, far outweighing any other crime. ...
Burglary. The next most prevalent crime is burglary, another property crime
Motor Vehicle Theft
Aggravated Assault
Robbery

Childhood in Elizabethan England - Ms. Jennifer Porcelli

jewolf4 — 2023-03-21 16:03:20 UTC

In Elizabethan England, one of every 40 women died in childbirth and as many as 200 out of 1000 children would die before the age of 5 🍼
Women would access herbs that could cause the body to abort a fetus as a means of control over pregnancy 🌿
Childhood in Elizabethan England varied amongst the social classes - the nobility and the poor lived very different childhoods 💰
Children of Nobility were educated at schools or with private tutors while the poor were educated at home. Mostly boys were educated at school houses, while the poor were employed by their families at an early age in business or home duties 👩🏻‍🏫
A fun fact was that boys wore dresses from age 3 - 7, but they wore breeches once they were of age and there be be a celebration 👖
At school, non academic activities included running, wrestling, archery and chess ♔
Children were expected to obey and respect their parents 🚸
If children misbehaved, they would receive beatings or even more severe punishments. 👦
Some parents were unusually cold or insensitive towards their children possibly because of the high mortality rate among infants 😰
Children played with dolls, toy soldiers, hobby horses, while some poorer children, in particular girls, played with dolls made of paper 🐴

2023-03-21 18:25:26 UTC

The Renaissance Man - Nicholas Moura

2023-03-21 18:26:55 UTC

^{A renaissance Man is a person who has expertise and skill in various fields such as art, science, music, literature, and philosophy. Renaissance Man were typically well-educated and curious, with a passion for learning and exploring different disciplines.}
^{Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most famous examples of a Renaissance man, as he was an artist, inventor, scientist, and engineer, who excelled in various fields such as painting, anatomy, mathematics, and architecture.}
^{Michelangelo was another Renaissance Man who was a painter, sculptor, architect, and poet. He is the best known for his works of art such as the Sistine Chapel ceiling and the statue of David.}
^{Galileo Galilei was a Renaissance Man who made significant contributions to the fields of astronomy, physics, and mathematics. He is the best known for his invention of the telescope, which revolutionized the field of astronomy.}
^{William Shakespeare, and English poet and playwright, is considered to be one of the greatest writers in the English language.}
^{Niccolo Machiavelli, politician, and philosopher, was a Renaissance Man who is known for his influential work ¨The Prince¨ on political philosophy.}
^{Francis Bacon, an English philosopher, and scientist, played a crucial role in developing the scientific method and promoting the idea of empirical research.}
^{Dante Alighieri, an Italian poet, writer, and philosopher, wrote the epic poem ¨Divine Comedy¨ and made significant contributions to the development of the Italian language.}
^{Thomas More, an English lawyer, statesman, and author, who wrote the influential work ¨Utopia¨ on the concept of a perfect society}
^{Johannes Kepler, a German mathematician and astronomer, who made significant constributions to the fields of mathematics, astronomy, and physics, including the laws of planetary motion.}

_{https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance, https://www.thoughtco.com/galileo-galilei-biography-1991864,}_{https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/michelangelo, https://www.theartstory.org/artist/da-vinci-leonardo/}

Elizabethan Hairstyles- Symier Mcdonald Williams

2023-03-21 19:35:59 UTC

Hairstyles of the Elizabeth era were characterized by frizzed hair and often placed over wires or pads to create a heart-shaped frame around the head, these hairstyles were made easier when the first metal hairpins were invited in England in 1545.
Elizabeth Hair styles for women were designed to compliment the upper class fashion of the day, ruffs or ruffles were in high fashion and during the Elizabeth era these became more elaborate and were constructed on gauze wings which were raised at the back of the head.
The ruffs or collars, framed the face and dictated the hairstyles of the age which were generally short for men and swept up look was required for women.
The essential tool to create the large hairstyles for this period is a pair of hair rats.
An unmarried woman kept her long and showed off its fullness in public, once married, she would always arrange her hair in updo.
Sumptuary laws from 1568 to 1574 declared, all citizens wives in generall were constrayned to wear white caps of woolen yarne, unless their husbands were good value in the booke, or could prove themselves Gentleman by descent.
Their idle hair was considered to be fair or red in colour and preferably naturally curly as inspired by the Queen herself.
Women would supplement their own hair with natural hairpieces rumored to have come from horses or even children's hair.
Elizabethan Hair Styles for men were just as important as they were for women. The length of hair varied during the Elizabethan era. It started as short closely cropped hairstyles and increased in length during the period.
It was fashionable for men to sport beards during the Elizabethan era. The styles and cut of beards changed with the fashion of the day. The beards could be cut in various styles including pointed square, round or oblong.

2023-03-22 03:24:50 UTC

> They believed that "unbalanced humours" caused disease.

> A method used on patients to cure their disease. Purging was a method that used chemicals.

> Bloodletting was a thing that was believed to help patients suffering from a headache or fever.

> Herbs were written down as herbals in their studies. Alongside that were explanations how to use them for medical purposes.

> Herbals were also used to make ointment.

> There was a famous physician names Andreas Vesalius that made a huge discovery with his anatomy sessions that highlighted mistakes by another physician.

> Things the Renaissance also improved on are anatomy, physiology,surgery, dentistry and microbiology.

> Tobacco was used to treat disease, because it was to believed to ward off miasma, just from its smell and taste.

> Miasma was a disease that was believed to be spread through the air.

> New remedies like mercury and antimony were used to purge the body to make patients sweat and vomit.

2023-03-22 03:32:37 UTC

http://www.longhill.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Knowledge-Medicine-in-the-Renaissance.pdf

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zh63vwx/revision/3

https://interestingengineering.com/health/13-medical-practices-of-the-renaissance-that-are-still-used-today

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SVek1hYgGU

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26065591/

2023-03-22 03:37:29 UTC

-Dezmond Fulton

Renaissance Sports Aaniya Williams

2023-03-22 16:47:41 UTC

Soccer/football

Now, you may think you know football, but it has changed a lot since the Renaissance
Similar to American football, it was called “dumb ball” and consisted of throwing a ball made of a pig’s bladder between two markers
In fact, it was so chaotic that in the 1300s, King Edward III banned it! This was not only because it took up too much of the young men’s time, but also, due to the fact that there were no referees, and therefore no one to stop the losing team from pulling a dagger on the other

Jousting

A sport where you charge each other with pointed lances
In a joust, the two jousters first charge back and forth at each other with lances. Once a knight had been unseated, you would fight man-to-man with swords, until someone surrenders.

Melee

A sport where you had to snatch a flag off your opponents back
This game is similar to tag that children play today
This was also a killing sport, players could carry axes, swords and clubs in order to kill their opponents.

Fencing

a combat sport that features sword fighting.
organised sport involving the use of a sword—épée, foil, or sabre—for attack and defense according to set movements and rules.

2023-03-23 15:35:12 UTC

Globe Theater Costumes -
The Globe Theatre Costumes were wonderful - sumptuous matters, vivid banner and extremely costly. The costumes did not continually reflect the correct ending of the Play. The Globe actors mainly wore the dress of their own opportunity. Some were specifically fashioned for the actors and some were granted by rich patrons. The Globe plays had expected produced in a excellent hurry in order to guarantee a rapid change of new material and performances for the wanting Elizabethan audience and to beat the competition from rival stages. Not enough time was vacant to build up a trite store of costumes that reflected the correct ending of the play. The costumes in a play, to a degree Julius Caesar, would have been easier to expand as togas are relatively smooth to make. In this instance a blend of Roman clothes and Elizabethan attire might well have existed together.

2023-03-23 15:38:07 UTC

The Life of a Globe Theater Actors -
The name of the early Elizabethan Actors was not good and some were viewed as no better than rogues and vagabonds - performers were not trusted. The standing of Elizabethan Actors revised when the purpose-erected theaters were made acquainted and some of the Globe Theater performers became the equivalent of modern's superstars.

jewolf4 — 2024-03-04 19:41:51 UTC

jewolf4 — 2024-03-05 16:42:47 UTC

jewolf4 — 2024-03-05 16:43:39 UTC

jewolf4 — 2024-03-05 19:02:48 UTC

Elizabethan music is cool

jewolf4 — 2024-03-05 19:03:26 UTC

jewolf4 — 2024-03-05 19:04:18 UTC

jewolf4 — 2024-03-06 13:10:38 UTC

Elizabethan music is so awesome

jewolf4 — 2024-03-06 13:11:35 UTC

jewolf4 — 2024-03-06 13:12:29 UTC

jewolf4 — 2024-03-07 15:51:52 UTC

Music is fun

jewolf4 — 2024-03-07 18:15:00 UTC

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