bio's note <3 by NUR SYUHADA AMIRA BINTI ZULKARNAIN Moe

Hi there!

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 15:23:41 UTC

today's topic is metabolism & enzyme (^-^*)/
sit back and enjoy the journey of learning! <3

what is actually the meaning of metabolism?

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 15:25:17 UTC

metabolism refers to all reaction that occur in a living organism.
the processes in metabolism involve the conversion of food into energy into a form of ATP
a formation of carbohydrate, protein, lipid and nucleic acid.
its divided into two type, catabolism and anabolism

catabolism ( . .)φ__

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 15:32:10 UTC

a process of breaking down large molecule into small molecule.
a reaction that releases energy

want example of catabolism?

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 15:37:37 UTC

the breakdown of protein into amino acid

how about anabolism?

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 15:43:09 UTC

a process of a small molecule that will joined together to form a large molecule
a reaction that absorbs or uses energy.

example (s)

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 16:02:40 UTC

the formation of fatty acid and glycerol

enzyme!

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 16:05:01 UTC

now let's learned about enzyme -●●●-ｃ(・・ )

an organic catalyst that is mostly mad up of proteins
produced by living cell organism

; however not all enzyme are synthesised from proteins, as you can see at the image the substrate will bind with the enzyme known as the active site and form an enzyme-substrate complex

enzyme nomenclature

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 16:49:31 UTC

btw do you know that The International Union Of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology introduced nomenclature based on substrate or reaction it catalyses.
it will be derived by adding "ase" to the substrate it catalyses

Lactose + water ----(lactase)-----> glucose + galactose

characteristics of enzyme ✧･ﾟ: ✧･ﾟ:

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 16:54:02 UTC

act rapidly
reusable
remain unchanged and can not be destroyed
most enzyme are reversible
speed up biochemical reaction

The lock and key hypothesis ;

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 16:58:58 UTC

the binding of a molecule substrate on an active site of enzyme is specific like a lock(substrate) & key(enzyme)

have you heard about extracellular enzyme? how did they produced?

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 17:03:14 UTC

well, extracellular enzyme is an enzyme that are secreted outside the cell. this is how they produced.

proteins are synthesised by ribosome
next, protein will enter rough endoplasmic reticulum
then the rough endoplasmic reticulum will packed the protein into a transport vesicle
the transport vesicle will carry the protein to the golgi apparatus
then it will be modified to become enzymes
then, enzyme will packed into a secretory vesicle
lastly the secretory vesicle will fuse into the plasma membrane and release enzymes out of the cell

come and look at this video ʕ•́ᴥ•̀ʔっ

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 17:16:45 UTC

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 17:22:23 UTC

this is a sum of the topic enzyme that we learn today! hope you enjoyed ><

factor that changes

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 17:26:47 UTC

effect of temperature;

at low a temperature the rate of the reaction catalysed by the enzyme is low.
when it rise, the kinetic energy of the substrate molecule and enzyme also increase.
the frequency of effective collision between the substrate & enzyme molecule will increase.
when it rise 10 celcius, the enzyme will control and double the rate of reaction until reach at the optimal level.
after that, any further temperature that increase will stops at 60 celcius. this is because the enzyme become denatured as the chemical bond will break at extreme temperature

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 17:34:52 UTC

2. effect of substrate concentration;

when the substrate concentration increase, the opportunity for an effective collision also increase. it will continue to increase until it reach the max level.
the enzyme becomes a limiting factor because the reaction rate can increase only if the concentration in enzyme increase.
after reaching the max level all active site will be saturated with substrate and involve catalytic reaction

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 18:01:07 UTC

3. effect of enzyme concentration

the concentration will increase same goes to the rate of enzyme because of the presence of more active site that are ready for catalytic action.
one of the concentration will doubled and it will converted to products and also doubled with the condition that excess supply of substrate.
at max rate, the concentration become limiting factor.

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 18:04:32 UTC

4. effects of pH

all enzyme reacts most effectively at their optimal pH. most of the enzyme active in the range pH6 to pH8.
the change in pH value change the charge of active site and the substrate surface. it can caused the enzyme-substrate complex can not be formed.
the extreme change in the pH value will break the structural chemistry bond and change the active site of enzyme.

want to know application of enzyme in daily life?

m7711275 — 2021-07-08 18:27:33 UTC

here(s) sum ଘ(੭ˊ꒳ˋ)੭✧

lactase enzyme are used in lactose-free milk
protease enzyme separates the fish skin
trypsin enzyme extract fur from animal hide to make leather product
pectinase and cellulase enzyme are used in juice production
lipase, amylase, protease, cellulase enzyme use in bio detergent

m7711275 — 2021-07-09 14:23:22 UTC