Problem 2: Overcrowding in Philippine Jails Many detention facilities in the country operate far beyond their capacity. This results in poor living conditions, health concerns, and human rights issues among inmates. The slow judicial process and lack of alternative sentencing programs contribute to the problem.

Problem 3: Youth Involvement in Crime Cases of juvenile delinquency, gang participation, and minor-related crimes are on the rise. Many young offenders come from broken families and impoverished communities. Despite the implementation of the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act (RA 9344), challenges in rehabilitation and prevention persist.

2. Methodological Gap

3. Contextual Gap*

4.Theoretical Gap*

5. Population Gap*

6. Practical Gap

1. Age/Generation Gap (Gen Z): Most long-term financial studies focus on older generations Gen Z's unique financial attitudes, shaped by the post-2008 recession and the rise of social media finance, are already under-researched.

2. Employment Model Gap (Gig Economy): Standard financial models are irrelevant to gig workers. While some research exists on gig economy financial precarity, it rarely stratifies by disability status.

3. Disability Gap: Research on disabled workers often focuses on barriers to traditional employment or the effectiveness of government support programs, neglecting those who have chosen or adopted the gig economy and their unique challenges in self-funding retirement. The lack of traditional employer benefits for this group is a critical, understudied issue.

4. The Intersectionality Void: Research that addresses all three Gen Z, disability, and gig work is almost non-existent. Generalizing findings from a typical, full-time employed, non-disabled Gen Z adult to this specific, vulnerable sub-group would lead to flawed and inappropriate policy recommendations.

1. The Rate of Adoption: DOI suggests a gradual, S-shaped curve of adoption over time. DAOs, conversely, often experience hyper-speed mass adoption that condenses years of traditional diffusion into months, a rate that the existing model cannot precisely predict or model.

2. Communication Channel: DOI heavily features mass media and interpersonal networks. DAO adoption is almost entirely driven by decentralized, peer-to-peer digital communication a channel that subverts traditional gatekeepers and information sources, thus challenging the established flow of information in the model.

3. Lack of Trialability: One of DOI's key attributes is Trialability (the degree to which an innovation may be experimented with on a limited basis). Participating in a DAO typically requires committing a non-trivial amount of cryptocurrency to purchase governance tokens, meaning there is often no low-risk trial phase. The lack of this attribute should predict slow adoption, but the opposite is observed, indicating the theory is incomplete in this context.

1. Institutional/Public Sector Context: The public sector context, with its bureaucratic rigidity, civil service rules, and political interference, fundamentally alters the leader-follower dynamic compared to a flexible private company.

2. Cultural Context (Developing Island Nations): Many developing island nations have distinct cultural norms that can moderate how employees perceive and respond to "transformational" behaviors (which are often Western-centric).

3. Economic/Resource Context: In developing economies, resource scarcity and infrastructure challenges may make it harder for a leader to implement "visionary" changes, thus weakening the effect of their leadership style on engagement.

4. Geographical/Size Context: The small, close-knit nature of island communities often means professional and personal lives overlap, which can influence organizational trust and engagement in ways not captured by studies in large, anonymous metropolitan areas.

Alforte, Christian kenneth P.

Pilapil, Marlon Jr. T.

Lopez, James C.

Enteria, Alrussel A.

Bolda, Eduardo S.

Cañeda, Carlo Ruben P.