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Advantages -
The only survival strategy is that there are so many eggs produced some are bound to survive. 2. There is a high genetic diversity because all of the males will spray lilt on the eggs so the eggs are fertlised by lots of different fish giving them  high diversity. 3. energy cost is low. 4. They create a large number of fry to increase their chances of survival, and they are also quick to hatch to shorten their vulnerable stage, this makes the fry independent and can fend for them selves as soon as they hatch. 

Disadvantages -
There is no parental protection for the eggs or the fry that are produced. 2. This method has a low success rate. It also has a low survival rate due to the random scattering. 3. Eggs are small which makes them vulnerable to predators.

Implications when in captivity - 
1. Seperate breeding area to stop predators from eating all the eggs.
2. Population of egg control, as they release many eggs, if there are no predators, it would overpopulate.

When a fish clears off an area like a rock, leaf, area of gravel or a slate that is suitable for egg laying. They will begin to look after that area and then lay eggs onto the surface and circulate oxygenated water towards them. The fish will continue to care for them however they will not actively build a nest.  

Advantages -

Substrate spawner pairs normally form very strong bonds with each other so can guard their offspring and scare away predators. Sometimes the fish bury their eggs in pits or move them around to protect them from predators. The fish may move them via their mouth however they are not considered true mouth brooders.  

Disadvantages - 

They do not hide their eggs as they are usually on top of a flat surface that is protected by the fish. If the pair do not have a strong defence against the predators they can perish and so will the eggs. The eggs then have a lower chance of survival and cannot defend themselves. By laying the eggs on a surface there are natural exceptions when leaving the eggs. For example, the fish may protect themselves by swimming away from a predators. Some fish will eat their fry or babies and only solely care about the eggs.  

Implications when in captivity -

When substrate spawners are in captivity you have to be careful of what substrate you put into the tank for them to use. It needs to be accessible for both the parents and adapted to the species if necessary. You also need to keep an eye on the parents and whether they are pushing oxygenated water over the eggs to keep the supply topped up. Also, if the habitat is changed or moved around in captivity this may confuse the fish and effect their ability to reproduce effectively. Habitat rearrangement may enhance the fishes reproduction. Along with the water quality , oxygen, vegetation and chemical process, this can all effect how the eggs develop and how the fish look after them.   

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Bubble nest builder The eggs are well cared for by the male, they are well protected and all the eggs are highly likely to survive. Some eggs may be eaten by the female if the male does not move them into the nest quick enough. Once the eggs hatch into fry they are no longer protected by a parent, which makes them vulnerable.

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Advantages -
There is some parental care. Spawning is also quite an elaborate affair, thus enforcing evolutionary mate selection pressures. Many produce a large number of small eggs (but some produce very limited numbers). Usually, there is some parental aftercare of young fish

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Disadvantaged - 
Eggs and newly hatch fish very vulnerable to being gobbled up in one go (and easily attacked from the top). The fry are often quite small and not fully formed. Delicate balance of oxygen/humidity requirements.