1. Establish meaningful and engaging content learning goals around the essential ideas of a discipline as well as the specific learning processes students use to access those ideas.

2. Provide a positive learning environment that promotes students’ autonomy in learning.

3. Make literacy experiences more relevant to students’ interests, everyday life, or important current events.

4.Build in certain instructional conditions, such as student goal setting, self-directed learning, and collaborative learning, to increase reading engagement and conceptual learning for students.