https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h Made by Andriean bin Affandy (2023388959) en-us 2023-04-19 14:57:21 UTC 2025-10-28 20:09:07 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/2026200254/5525d7f4f56d5e66e1c64c00fa23e6b2/Lahad_Datu_District_Council_Emblem.png 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2562987659 The culture of the Javanese people is known as Javanese culture. 

In the early 3000 BC, the Austronesian ancestors of the Javanese migrated from the coast of Kalimantan. From the perspective of Borneo or Sulawesi, the term "Java" may have originally signified "outlying island."

Currently, the provinces of Central Java, Yogyakarta, and East Java in Indonesia are the focal points of Javanese culture.]]> 2023-04-21 08:33:30 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2562987659 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2562991392 2023-04-21 08:37:15 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2562991392 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563000617 Among other traditional weapons in Central Java, the Keris is one of the most well-known. Keris was once a means of self-identification. Depending on one's social status, Keris differ in shape.

Did you know that The Keris of the monarchs will be shaped differently than the Keris of the troops? In fact, other places besides Central Java, such Sumatra, Bali, and Sulawesi, also have similar weapon.

However, keris is more well-known in Central Java as a result of its magical component, which is rarely thought to have a specific master.]]> 2023-04-21 08:45:50 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563000617 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563009070 Wow! As you can clearly see, the Condroso is shaped very differently from any other weapons in the world to date as it looks more similar to a Konde stick.

In the past, Javanese women utilised it to uphold their femininity and shield themselves from danger or unexpected events.

Other than that, this weapon, which is made of iron and has sharp edges, can be used to kill. Condroso is often only used in emergency situations. In the past, women who were designated as Telik Sandi or spies utilised this weapon.]]> 2023-04-21 08:54:40 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563009070 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563018721 The Kudi is a sacred weapon used by a magician (Pawang) that has talismanic properties. It is a traditional weapon or cutting instrument from Java and Madura with a hooked blade. Due of the lack of iron, the oldest Kudi, like the earlier Keris Sajen, is also the smallest.

However, don't let the size fool you as it was regarded as a representation of sovereignty until the 19th century. The basic shape resembles a king fisher head like the Patani Keris hilt, however there are many variations such as Kudi Peksi with a bird's head, Kudi Wayang with a wayang figure.

Additionally, farmers use the Kujang from Sunda (west Java) to protect the crop and fertilise the soil; despite having the same sor-soran as a Kudi, the upper portion of the blade resembles a wavy Keris. ]]> 2023-04-21 09:05:58 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563018721 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563029393 I know what it looks like and no it's not a kitchen knife!

This knife-like weapon is from Central Java. When compared to the Keris or other weapons, this weapon is not as well-known. However, individuals in ancient times employed Wedhung weapons for a variety of reasons to calm themselves.

It can also weight until 31lbs! Despite being utilised for ceremonial purposes, the heavy and thick blade can be used to cut through undergrowth, as they were intended to accomplish.

The blade has an attractive, transparent pamor. The scabbard is very finely constructed, weighty, and has the distinctive horn "belt loop" in the shape of a snake or a naga, that characterises these.]]> 2023-04-21 09:18:19 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563029393 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563035425 Do you recognise it? Yes! It does look like toys that we used to play with when we were young. Well, in asia mostly of course. Plintheng is made of wood in the shape of a letter Y that has been cooled with rubber at both ends and a piece of animal leather in the centre.

Believe it or not, Plintheng was a weapon in the distant past. Do not let the features fool you as it can be a very dangerous weapon on the right hands.

Pebbles were used as "bullets" in plintheng, which were pulled to produce a powerful spring force.]]> 2023-04-21 09:25:45 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563035425 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563038958 Here's a video I would like to share on how they made the Keris. Enjoy!]]> 2023-04-21 09:30:18 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563038958 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563040535 This is a video by Kandang Gudel that share his knowledge about the Wedhung.]]> 2023-04-21 09:32:32 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563040535 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563159505 There are numerous closely related ethnic tribes in north-central Sumatra, Indonesia, known as Batak, also spelt Battak or Batta. Probably coined during pre-colonial times by indigenous outsiders (like the Malay), the term "Batak" was later used by Europeans.

The Sumatran highlands surrounding Lake Toba were home to the mighty Proto-Malayan people known as the Batak, who lived there until 1825 in relative isolation.]]> 2023-04-21 12:03:31 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563159505 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563217092 2023-04-21 13:06:07 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563217092 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563226827 Wow! Look at how sharp it is! The hilt of a Piso Halasan sword is normally constructed of deer horn or antelope horn, though cast metal hilts in the shape of horns are also common.

The blade, which is a lethal weapon in fights and is composed of a variety of metals, is utilised. It features a narrow tip and a straight back. Near the point is where it is widest, and the hilt has a notch. 

The scabbard is wider at the top and typically ends in a small, curved tip that is partially or entirely coated in metal at the bottom.The sword may have engravings and be made of poisonous metals]]> 2023-04-21 13:15:10 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563226827 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563233677 Numerous kingdoms were governed by raja (kings or lords) in the Batak area (North Sumatra). For the monarchs and authorities in Batak country, Piso Halasan served as a symbol of power.

Piso Halasan, which translates to "The Sword of Happiness," was designed to allow its master to spread happiness among the subjects under their control. 

Piso Halasan was a particularly lethal weapon that was frequently employed in combat. When the blade was employed in warfare, poison was frequently put to the edge of the blade.

Not only their enemies will die by the sword, they can slowly dies as well due to the poison. Quite scary I might say.]]> 2023-04-21 13:21:25 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563233677 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563240599 2023-04-21 13:27:31 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563240599 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563248849 This magnificent sword is known as the Piso Sanalenggam that has a water buffalo horn handle with a nicely carved human figure on it and a single-edged metal blade. The kneeling figure tilts slightly forward, his shortened arms embracing bent knees, following the natural curve of the horn.

The texture of the rear, which is lavishly ornamented with low-relief geometric and foliate designs, contrasts sharply with the smoothness of the front surface.

The Piso Sanalenggam is one of the several swords and knives that the Batak, who are renowned for their military prowess, wielded in battle.]]> 2023-04-21 13:34:49 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563248849 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563257519 This sword is typically connected to the Toba and Pakpak Batak, two of the six Batak peoples of northern Sumatra. Up until the 18th and 19th centuries, when Dutch and British traders, along with German missionaries, established operations in Sumatra, the Batak.

Who lived in the mountainous highlands surrounding Lake Toba (the birthplace of the Batak, according to oral histories and myths), maintained trade relations with their Malay neighbours living on the coast, but otherwise remained relatively isolated.

The production and ornamentation of artefacts, such as the piso sanalenggam, which would be utilised by the datu, or ritual experts of the Batak society, for divination, healing rituals, evil magic, and other rituals, occupied a large portion of Batak sacred art.]]> 2023-04-21 13:41:59 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563257519 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563259447 2023-04-21 13:43:42 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563259447 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563275392 The Banjar, also known as the Banjarese, are an indigenous ethnic group that originated in Indonesia's Banjar areas, particularly Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, and Banjar Regency.

The Banjarese diaspora group is also present in Indonesia's neighbouring nations, including Singapore, Malaysia, particularly Sabah and Perak, and Brunei.

Currently, Banjarese diaspora can also be found in nearby Banjar regions, such as Kotabaru Regency, the southernmost parts of East Kalimantan, and the southeast parts of Central Kalimantan, as well as in several provinces across Indonesia.]]> 2023-04-21 13:57:15 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563275392 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563280138 One of the indigenous peoples of Borneo is the Dayak or Dayuh. It is a general name for more than 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic groups that are primarily found in Borneo's central and southern interior.

The Dayak were animists (Kaharingan and Folk Hindus), but as Abrahamic religions proliferated starting in the 19th century, large numbers of them began to convert to Christianity and Islam.

Each of these ethnic groups has its own dialect, customs, laws, territory, and culture, while there are some obvious commonalities between them. The Austronesian language family includes Dayak languages.]]> 2023-04-21 14:00:45 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563280138 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563288702 The Murut were the final ethnic group in Sabah to give up headhunting. Similar to the Iban of Sarawak, Murut spiritual beliefs have traditionally placed a high value on gathering the heads of foes. For instance, a man couldn't get married until he gave the family of the chosen girl at least one head.

They travel along the rivers while living in communal longhouses that are typically located near them. Currently, the majority have converted to Christianity, with Muslims making up around a fifth of the population. They continue to practise their culture, though.]]> 2023-04-21 14:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563288702 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563569793 Heyyo! I'm Andriean bin Affandy. Some call me, Andy, some call me Kazuto, but you can call me the love doctor 😉. 

Jokes aside, I would like to thank you for taking your time to visit my padlet! 

Learning other cultures are quite important but of course in my opinion, it's not good to force people to learn as it is better for them to be more interested.

That is why I hope that this padlet can help you learn some awesome traditional weapons from these 5 cultures that I chose and hopefully make you more interested in other cultures as well!]]> 2023-04-21 18:49:35 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563569793 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563575160 In this padlet, we will be discovering multiple traditional weapons from these 5 cultures!

1. Javanese
2. Batak
3. Murut
4. Batak
5. Banjarese]]> 2023-04-21 18:57:06 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563575160 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563605406 2023-04-21 19:38:34 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563605406 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563729138 Chopsticks? Really? Well of course! The Dayak tribe is inspired and motivated to create durable weapons that can both protect them from the harsh forest life and ensure the survival of the Dayak tribe as a whole. These weapons are made in honour of the Dayak ancestors who once lived among dense forests and were home to a variety of wild animals.

The fierce environment of Borneo Island has diminished the tenacity and zeal with which "Dayak ancestors make" the common "weapons called" chopsticks. Ironwood is the material used to make chopsticks. 

Chopsticks are between 1.5 and 2 cm long. The ideal diameter of a chopstick Chopsticks are made up of three basic components: chopsticks, chopsticks (damak), and chopsticks with a spear made of fine iron connected to the end.]]> 2023-04-22 00:55:25 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563729138 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563729777 2023-04-22 00:57:22 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563729777 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563731170 Chopsticks that rely on this blowing power have a shooting accuracy of up to 200 metres and a "typical" effective shooting distance of 25 to 30 metres. This makes the chopstick gun deadly because at the end of the dam is spiked / smeared poison in the form of gum ipuh and a mixture of lethal animals that are said to have no antidote. 

Stems (chopsticks), Damak (chopsticks), and sangkoh (spear eyes fashioned of or connected to the end of a chopstick pipe) are the three components that make up the standard Dayak tribal weapon. Depending on the capabilities of the clipper, an effective target can be reached from a distance of 25 to 30 metres both vertically and horizontally. Dayaks may knock down foes and good game animals on trees, such as birds and wild animals that live on land, using this weapon from a considerable distance.

Chopsticks were once frequently made as weapons of war, but with the development of technology and knowledge, they are now more frequently produced as a sports tool to clot and order.]]> 2023-04-22 01:01:44 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563731170 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563731654 2023-04-22 01:03:07 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563731654 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563732512 2023-04-22 01:05:41 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563732512 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563735262 A traditional weapon from Kalimantan's Dayak culture, the Mandau. One of Indonesia's traditional weapons is the Mandau. The blade of a Mandau contains numerous engravings with distinct symbolic meanings. Mandau derives from the Chinese word "dao," which means machete, and the word "Man," which was first used by a tribe in southern China.

Certain values are also present in Mandau. Mandau has mystical connotations, including ceremonies performed during its creation as well as Mandau employed in some traditional rituals. The community uses the mandau as a tool for farming and hunting, which is the social side. Mandau, which also embodies courage, thoroughness, and patience, is the identity of the Dayak community in Kalimantan in terms of art and culture.]]> 2023-04-22 01:14:25 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563735262 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563735824 The Dayaks of Kalimantan utilise Mandau in a variety of ways. Mandau was employed in ancient times for both headhunting (the beheading of enemies) and combat. As battle and ngayau are now uncommon among Dayaks in Kalimantan, they are solely utilised ceremonially and decoratively.

Mandau also features a variety of buildings, like Kumpang. A Mandau scabbard is a kumpang. Kumpang is often carved, made of wood, and covered in antlers from deer. It is extended an invitation in Kumpang Mandau, which is a bond composed of woven uai (rattan). 

In addition, a knife with penyerut and ivory wood is connected to a bag of wooden leather in kumpang since it is said that these materials have the power to repel wild creatures. The braided rattan of a mandau that is strung in kumpang is typically knotted around the waist.]]> 2023-04-22 01:16:27 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563735824 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563738349 The Parang Nabur sword comes from Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia (other names include Belabang or Beladah, while older variations are named Pacat Gantung or Pacat Bagantung). The majority of these swords were produced in the 19th century, under the Banjarmasin Sultanate.

The Parang Nabur is a sword with a curved blade that widens at the curve before narrowing at the point. The back is concave and the edge is convex. From the front tip of the blade, there is a double edge for roughly 2/3 to 3/8 of the blade. At the point, either the rear or the edge may bend in that direction.]]> 2023-04-22 01:24:04 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563738349 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563738768 The hand and fingers are frequently protected by brass or iron in the hilt, which is typically made of horn, bone, or occasionally wood. 

The hand guard and parry are fashioned after European models and exhibit a fusion of European and Islamic design elements. They were heavily influenced by the naval cutlasses used by Dutch sailors. 

Typically, the scabbard is made of wood. It is constructed from two pieces that are connected by metal bands and conforms to the shape of the blade. The Niabor should not be confused with the Parang Nabur.]]> 2023-04-22 01:25:15 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563738768 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563739022 2023-04-22 01:26:07 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563739022 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563741992 A weapon used during the Banjar War in the Gunung Madang Fort area of Kandangan, Hulu Sungai Selatan was the Sungga. The Sungga looks like a short spear that is made out of steel and has very sharp edges.

It is said that the war against the Dutch army, this weapon was installed under a bridge that was made as a trap. The Dutch army attacks with full force not knowing that when they encounter the bridge, they would to their doom.

The bridge will collapse while Dutch army gets penetrated and fell stuck on the Sungga as they bleed out confusedly. Quite sneaky I would say by the Banjarese.]]> 2023-04-22 01:34:55 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563741992 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563742320 2023-04-22 01:35:52 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563742320 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563743274

]]> 2023-04-22 01:38:17 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563743274 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563743800 2023-04-22 01:39:52 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563743800 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563745255 Although it might seem like these pouches are all for show, you can still see people carrying them around in Kampung Tilis. They contain hunting darts for usage in the woods. It's possible that these darts contain poison. 

Look at the bottle that resembles a potion. The poison is stored there. Before storing their darts in their pouch, some guys choose to dip them in the poison. Because a poison touch could be fatal, some people prefer to keep their darts clean and only dip them in the poison right before use.]]> 2023-04-22 01:44:10 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563745255 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563752836 Pakayun is means "what I'm wearing." Since Shelford gave it as the name of a particular style of sabre used by the Murut tribe of northern Borneo, it has stuck with Western 
collectors. This sword is known as a Parapat among the Murut.

The Murut tribe of northern Borneo wield the Parapat, a large sabre. It is distinguished by a long, narrow blade that is the same width throughout from base to tip and ends in a point with a downward slope. The blade flats are still plain. Some contain a single or several grooves.]]> 2023-04-22 01:53:30 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563752836 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563759845 Always constructed of wood, the hilt has a distinctive forked design. Typically, there is a wood carving between the two forked ends; on more elaborate versions, the carving extends past the forked pommel. 

A brass sleeve known as the umbo covers a portion of the hilt and spreads to form a tiny guard on the blade side. The forked end is rarely reached by the brass sleeve; it typically ends a short distance away, with the remaining area being covered in plaited rattan.

The scabbard is typically constructed from two wood planks joined together with wire, rattan, or metal strips. Geometric designs are frequently used to embellish the spaces between the wrappings. A hair-decorated bark pocket is fastened to the interior side.]]> 2023-04-22 02:14:09 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563759845 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563760577 2023-04-22 02:16:08 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563760577 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563763933 2023-04-22 02:25:18 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563763933 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563772037 https://asyraafahmadi.com/specialization/plintheng/ 

https://www.duveen.com/product/a-west-javanese-kudi-kujang-dagger-with-13th-century-blade/ 

http://old.blades.free.fr/spears/kudi.htm ]]> 2023-04-22 02:48:37 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563772037 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563772374 https://www.mybib.com/tools/apa-citation-generator 

]]> 2023-04-22 02:49:39 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563772374 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563772862 https://www.mandarinmansion.com/glossary/pakayun#:~:text=Pakayun%20literally%20means%20"what%20I,the%20northern%20part%20of%20Borneo 

https://songsandstories.com.my/tenom-weapons-of-the-murut-tribe/

https://www.finarte.it/auction/rare-and-fine-antique-arms-from-the-malay-archipelago-sarzana-2022-12-15/a-pakayun-parapat-of-the-murut-88834?lang=en    ]]> 2023-04-22 02:51:08 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563772862 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563773228 https://www.mybib.com/tools/apa-citation-generator 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kalimantan ]]> 2023-04-22 02:52:17 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563773228 20233889591 https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563773601 https://eudl.eu/pdf/10.4108/eai.13-2-2019.2286529 ]]> 2023-04-22 02:53:29 UTC https://padlet.com/20233889591/ycqmw2tgg2z76a0h/wish/2563773601