OBC Mindmap by Wen Min Glenda Kiah https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i Made with a bold sensibility en-us 2021-06-04 00:45:42 UTC 2023-08-13 07:57:29 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f9ea.png General summary of Alcohols s101926181 https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1584042096 - Alcohols are a class of organic compounds where an Alkyl Chain is bonded to a hydroxyl(-OH) group. 
- Due to -OH group, Alcohols have certain physical properties:
  • Polar Compounds
  • High boiling Points(compared to other organic compounds)
  • Both weakly acidic and weakly basic
- There are three classes of alcohols: primary, secondary and tertiary:


]]> 2021-06-04 00:54:04 UTC https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1584042096 Reference List s101926181 https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1602315613
  • McMurry, J., 2019. Organic chemistry 9th ed., United States, CA: Cengage Learning. 
  • Vollhart, K. Peter C. and Neil Schore. Organic Chemistry, Structure and Function. 5th Ed. W. H. Freeman and Company, 2007
  • Anon, 2021. Types of Alcohols - Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Alcohols. BYJUS. Available at: https://byjus.com/chemistry/types-of-alcohols/ [Accessed July 24, 2021]. 
  • Anon, 2020. Dehydration Reactions of Alcohols. Available at: https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/45250 [Accessed July 25, 2021].



    • ]]>     2021-06-12 07:23:05 UTC https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1602315613     E2 Mechanism for Primary Alcohols s10228627 https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1621074110 Main Steps:
    1. The hydroxyl oxygen donates two electrons to a proton from sulfuric acid, forming an alkyloxonium ion. 
    2. The conjugate base, HSO4-,  reacts with one of the adjacent hydrogen atoms 
    3. At the same time, the alkyloxonium ion leaves, forming a double bond.]]>     2021-06-23 05:13:28 UTC https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1621074110     E1 Process For Secondary and Tertiary alcohols. s101926181 https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1633489383 Main points:
    1. O in the alcohol is protonated.
    2.Unimolecular loss of H2O to generate a carbocation intermediate.
    3. A proton is lost from the neighbouring C atom to complete the process.
    -It follows Zaitsev's rule.
    The figure below illustrates the mechanism:

    ]]>     2021-07-01 14:20:47 UTC https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1633489383     Dehydration s101926181 https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1633492799 -Elimination of H20 from molecule through an acid-catalysed reaction.
    -Different classes of alcohols require different conditions
    -Required Temperature for different classes of alcohols decreases with increasing substitution of the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl group:
    1° alcohols: 170° - 180°C
    2° alcohols: 100°– 140 °C
    3° alcohols: 25°– 80°C
    -Product formed is an alkene if sufficiently heated.

     
    ]]>     2021-07-01 14:23:20 UTC https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1633492799     Formation of ethers s101926181 https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1633497499 -A bimolecular dehydration reaction that happens when a primary alcohol is insufficiently heated.
    -Only symmetrical ethers are formed
    It occurs by the Sn2 reaction(nucleophilic substitution), where:
    1. The oxygen atom of another alcohol displaces water from the protonated alcohol 
    2. A protonated ether and a water molecule are formed instead.
    The figure below shows the entire reaction:


    ]]>     2021-07-01 14:26:48 UTC https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1633497499     Reactions of Alcohols s101926181 https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1640027794 -Alcohols are a special class of compounds where it can be prepared from and converted to other kinds of organic compounds.

    ]]>     2021-07-07 07:20:24 UTC https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1640027794     Preparation of Alcohols s102220561 https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1644156291 1. Substitution of Alkyl Halides (A strong base such as NaOH, KOH is required.)]]> 2021-07-10 17:06:27 UTC https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1644156291 Preparation of Alcohols s102220561 https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1644165233 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
    -Catalytic Hydrogenation:
    1.C=O bond is broken down in both Aldehyde and Ketone.
    2.Alkoxide ion intermediate is formed.
    3.Protonated by addition of H3O+ to give the final product.
    • Aldehydes give 1° alcohol.
    • Ketones give 2° alcohol.
    -Grignard synthesis:
    ]]>     2021-07-10 17:31:25 UTC https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1644165233     Protection of Alcohols s102220561 https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1662271079 -During the synthesis of complex molecules, a functional group in a molecule may interfere with an intended reaction on another functional group in the same molecule. 
    - An example is that a Grignard reagent can't be prepared from a halo alcohol
    -This problem is solved by 'protecting' the interfering functional group. 
    It involves 3 steps:
      1)introducing a protecting group
      2)carrying out the desired reaction
      3)removing the protecting group
    An example is the formation of Grignard reagent: ]]>     2021-07-27 16:13:33 UTC https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1662271079     s102225271 https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1662906108 2. Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides (KOH in ethanol is required)]]> 2021-07-28 07:19:57 UTC https://padlet.com/s101926181/yckx91vqrp7hox1i/wish/1662906108