Where

When

Why

How is it done

Age

Gender

Mental status

Faria Jr., Miguel A. "Violence, mental illness, and the brain – A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 – From trephination to lobotomy." National Library of Medicine , 5 Apr. 2013, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3640229/.

Koziol, Mary. "Diagnosing Womanhood: Lessons Learned from Gender Bias in 20th Century Psychiatry." www.mcgill.ca/library/files/library/koziol_mary_2016.pdf.

Freeman M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.P., Walter, and James W. Watts, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.I.C.S.. Psychosurgery: In The Treatment Of Mental Disorders And Intractable Pain. Charles C. Thomas, 1950.

Tone, Andrea, and Mary Koziol. “(F)ailing women in psychiatry: lessons from a painful past.” CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne vol. 190,20 (2018): E624-E625. doi:10.1503/cmaj.171277

Balch, Bridget. "Why we know so little about women’s health." Association of American Medical Colleges, 26 Mar. 2024, www.aamc.org/news/why-we-know-so-little-about-women-s-health.

"A Brief History of Mental Health Treatment for Women." Bay Area Clinical Associates, 19 Mar. 2025, baca.org/blog/history-mental-health-treatment-women/.

Cohut Ph.D., Maria, and Matt Ng. "The controversy of 'female hysteria'." Medical News Today, Healthline Media UK, 13 Oct. 2020, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/the-controversy-of-female-hysteria.

Ghaemi, Nikki. "A ‘moral monster’ and the lobotomy’s legacy at GW ." The GW Hatchet, 11 Dec. 2023, gwhatchet.com/2023/12/11/a-moral-monster-and-the-lobotomys-legacy-at-gw/.

"History of the Women’s Health Movement in the 20th Century." JOGNN, 2000, www.jognn.org/article/S0884-2175(15)33790-4/fulltext. Volume 29, Issue 1.

"Rosemary Kennedy, The Eldest Kennedy Daughter." National Park Services , www.nps.gov/articles/000/rosemary-kennedy-the-eldest-kennedy-daughter.htm. Accessed 19 Mar. 2025.

"Women And Hysteria In The History Of Mental Health." National Library of Medicine, 7 Aug. 2012, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3480686/.

"The Lobotomist." American Experience , PBS, 21 Jan. 2008, www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/lobotomist/#film_description. Transcript.