PBL 3 Summary by SARANIA A/P TAMIL CHELVAN / UPM https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd 1)FMD 2) Insect Bite 3)Rabies en-us 2023-01-20 08:27:35 UTC 2023-11-23 06:51:23 UTC hello@padlet.com What we know 2055215 https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd/wish/2450820816
  • FMD is a serious and highly contagious disease.
  • Infects all the hoofed animals
  • It is not zoonotic
  • Affects the production rate of the animals
  • Caused by Apthovirus of the family Picornaviridae
  • Vaccines are available and are practiced in Malaysia unlike some countries such as the United Kingdom.
  • Endemic in different countries worldwide
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 09:03:47 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd/wish/2450820816     What we want to know 2055215 https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd/wish/2450821108
  • The diagnostic method for FMD
  • How the immune system reacts to this virus
  • Humoral or Cell mediated?
  • DIVA vaccine
  • The importance of DIVA
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 09:04:09 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd/wish/2450821108     What we learned 2055215 https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd/wish/2450821301 The serotypes of FMDV in Malaysia is serotype O and Asia1. Immunity is serotpe-specific. The vaccine developed is multivalent.

    Diagnostic method 
    • GOLD STANDARD- ELISA test (Detection of FMD viral antibody and identification of viral subtype)
    • Virus Isolation (Inoculate the primary bovine thyroid cells)
    • Virus neutralization test (Quantitative immunology of FMD serum sample)
    • RT-PCR(Amplify the genome fragments and is more sensitive than virus isolation)

    Humoral immunity
    • IgM and IgG (Opsonization , phagocytosis and ADCC)
    • IgA (blocks binding to host cell in respiratory tract mucosal surface)

    Cell Mediated immunity
    • T dependent and Heterotropic - CD4 T-lymphocytes (Th1 and Th2)
    • Recruit and activate macrophages and neutrophils
    • Destroys intracellular and extracellular pathogens
    • CD8 T-lymphocytes (CTL)
    • Carry out cytotoxic action
    • Killing infected cells and exposing agent

    DIVA
    • Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals, allowing the effective use of the test-and-slaughter and vaccination policies simultaneously.
    • Vaccination with gene-deleted vaccine doesn't contain non-structural protein
    • Infected cows have non-structural protein and will show positive colour reaction in DIVA.
    • ELISA to detect the antibodies against non structural protein
    • Important to eliminate the infected and carrier animals. 
    ]]>     2023-01-20 09:04:23 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd/wish/2450821301     What we know 2055215 https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd/wish/2450821522 Type 1 hypersensitivity (anaphylactic)
    • immune reactant: IgE
    • effector mechanism: Mast cell activation 
    • sensitization phase and subsequent contact with the antigen/allergen 
    • IgE coated mast cell --> mast cell activation --> mast cell release granule --> acute inflammation --> systemic effect 
    ]]>     2023-01-20 09:04:39 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd/wish/2450821522     What we learned 2055215 https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd/wish/2450821618 Sensitization 
    • Seasonal cullicoides bites -> saliva injection (protein) -> epithelium damage -> cytokines activate IL2CS -> IL2 secretes IL5 & IL13 -> APC modulated by IL2C cytokines -> APC migrate to draining LN -> CD4 and MHCII -> TH2 -> IL4 and IL13-> IgE -> sensitization to allergens

    Re-exposure
    • cullicoides allergen re-exposure -> allergen bind to mast cell (bound by IgE) -> receptor cross-linking -> mast cell activation -> inflammatory mediators release and/or chemokines, cytokines release 
    • inflammatory mediators release -> edema, itchiness 
    • chemokines, cytokines release -> eosinophil, basophil, TH2 -> IL5 -> eosinophil recruitment

    Clinical signs
    • cardiorespiratory problems
    • papular eruption - crusting, alopecia
    • thickening and lichenification

    Diagnostic assays 
    • skin-prick puncture - detect allergen specific to IgE - stimulate wheal and flare reaction
    • Indirect ELISA - titers of allergen specific antibody higher than non-allergic individuals

    Vaccines
    • therapeutic vaccines
    • VLP vaccine (virus-like particle vaccine)
    • against IL5 - subcutaneous administration - neutralizing IL5 - inhibit differentiation, infiltration and activation of eosinophil
    • against IL31 - subcutaneous administration - vaccine induces anti-IL31 antibodies - reduce allergic reaction/inflammation
    ]]>     2023-01-20 09:04:47 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd/wish/2450821618     What we want to know 2055215 https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd/wish/2450821694
  • Transmission method
  • Clinical signs
  • Diagnostic approaches that can be carried out
  • Is it a Zoonotic disease?
  • Immune response by the body against the infection
  • Management and control steps that are taken to prevent the disease
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 09:04:54 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd/wish/2450821694     What we know 2055215 https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd/wish/2450821826
  • Rabies is a disease caused by a virus that attacks the central nervous system. Pathogenesis depends on how fast the virus travels.
  • Rabies can be transmitted when saliva comes in contact with an open cut on the skin or the eyes, nose, or mouth of a person or animal
  • Clinical signs are fearfulness, aggression, excessive drooling, difficulty swallowing, staggering, paralysis and seizures
  • Rabies infection of an animal can only be confirmed after death, through microscopic examination of the animal’s brain, such as the presence of Negri bodies (cytoplasmic inclusion bodies) under H&E stain.
  • Bait containing rabies vaccine is commonly used for mass wildlife immunizations
  • Not a core vaccine for dogs.
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 09:05:04 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd/wish/2450821826     What we want to know 2055215 https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd/wish/2450821925
  • Types of immunity
  • Primary protection from the virus
  • Diagnostic assays that can be carried out
  • Vaccines available for this virus
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 09:05:11 UTC https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd/wish/2450821925     What we learned 2055215 https://padlet.com/2055215/yakz9253snwnf4qd/wish/2450822014
  • Types of immunity involve are CMI (eliminate invasion & access) and humoral immunity (neutralizing antibody - prevent absorption)
  • Primary protection is humoral immunity as it can prevent the spread of the virus into CNS and virus replication in CNS

    • Diagnostic assays
    • Sampling from brainstem and cerebellum
    • Gold standard test is direct immunofluorescence antibody test (DFAT) - green apple colour under fluorescence microscope
    • Immunohistochemistry - rose red colour indicating the inclusion body (Negri body) in the tissue
    • ELISA - detects antibody binding to G/N protein
    • RT-PCR

    Vaccines
    • Inactivated adjuvanted vaccine, eg: Nobivac Rabies which is highly immunogenic
    • Recombinant vaccine, eg: Raboral V-RG (highly specialized and safe) and Purevax (lower risk of sarcoma). More commonly used in wild animals such as raccoon.
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