Type 2 Diabetes by

Group Introduction

tmthom12 — 2025-07-05 16:01:06 UTC

We're just a group of healthcare students learning about the epidemiology of type 2 diabetes.

The Correlation of Age and Type 2 Diabetes

aosbor19 — 2025-07-05 16:29:16 UTC

The American Diabetes Association found as your age increases, so does your risk of Type 2 Diabetes. Women also have higher risks than men and the rates vary among differing races and ethnicities.

Lifestyle habits for people with Diabetes

eperezv1_1 — 2025-07-05 16:29:28 UTC

Here is information regarding lifestyle habits that influence diabetes in people. These habits regard meal composition, meal timing, nutrient sequencing, and exercise before and after meals. These are all influences on glycemia.

tmthom12 — 2025-07-05 16:31:18 UTC

Many people are confused about the different types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is usually linked to small children and young adults due to the body's inability to produce insulin. Type 2 is the pancreas slowing down the production of insulin. Gestational diabetes is where hormonal changes during pregnancy affect the mother's insulin levels.

Why Pakistan is Consistently Among the Highest Type 2 Diabetes Affected Countries

aosbor19 — 2025-07-05 16:36:09 UTC

tmthom12 — 2025-07-05 17:05:31 UTC

This article explains how the pancreas is connected to diabetes. It breaks it down in common language for us to understand how the improper function of the pancreas leads to the different types of diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes and the Kidneys

tmthom12 — 2025-07-11 16:42:42 UTC

Here is a information on specifically how type 2 diabetes damages the kidney and causes secondary diseases and illnesses.

Type 2 diabetes leading to kidney failure

tmthom12 — 2025-07-11 16:56:19 UTC

This gives the pathophysiology of how type 2 diabetes leads to chronic kidney disease and kidney failure.

Type 2 and the brain

aosbor19 — 2025-07-12 13:50:52 UTC

Studies at the CDC show that the brain can actually be significantly affected by Type 2. Memory, mood shifts, weight gain, and more can occur if type 2 diabetes continues without help from a physician.

Greater risk of dementia, Alzheimer's, and stroke

aosbor19 — 2025-07-12 13:54:05 UTC

Your cognitive health can rapidly decline when dealing with type 2 diabetes. Dementia, Alzheimer's, and even strokes are possible if your blood sugar becomes too high or too low.

Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes

eperezv1_1 — 2025-07-12 16:45:08 UTC

The organs affected by diabetes include the kidneys, brain, pancreas, liver, skeletal muscles, and intestines. Beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance combined lead to hyperglycemia being amplified and type 2 diabetic concerns becoming more prevalent.

How Your Eyes Can be Affected by Type 2

tmthom12 — 2025-07-18 01:46:54 UTC

High blood sugar can affect the small blood vessels in the eyes, potentially leading to blurred or distorted vision.

The Risk of Dehydration with Type 2

tmthom12 — 2025-07-18 01:49:52 UTC

How to Treat Diabetic Thirst

tmthom12 — 2025-07-18 01:54:58 UTC

This article is explains the treatment for diabetic thirst.

Kidney Disease

tmthom12 — 2025-07-18 02:02:34 UTC

Kidney Disease:

High blood sugar can damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to diabetic nephropathy.
This damage can impair the kidneys' ability to filter waste products from the blood, potentially leading to chronic kidney disease and, in severe cases, kidney failure.

Diabetic retinopathy

eperezv1_1 — 2025-07-18 15:45:05 UTC

Having too much sugar in your blood can cause damage to the retina. People with diabetic retinopathy can lead to diabetic macular edema and neovascular glaucoma both cause increased vision loss.

Diabetic neuropathy

eperezv1_1 — 2025-07-18 15:51:21 UTC

overtime affected nerves will become damaged and cause four types of neuropathic issues including peripheral sensorimotor, autonomic, proximal, and mononeuropathy.

Diabetes and Heart Disease

eperezv1_1 — 2025-07-18 17:20:27 UTC

People with diabetes are more likely to develop heart disease at a younger age and the risk of stroke doubles compared to the average adult without diabetes.

Weight Loss and Type 2

aosbor19 — 2025-07-20 17:41:17 UTC

Along with the high blood sugar, one symptom may be weight loss without any change to diet or exercise due to the increased urination and dehydration.

Slower Recovery with Type 2

aosbor19 — 2025-07-20 17:42:52 UTC

Another symptom can be the slow-healing of wounds. This stems from the dehydration and the high blood sugar that doesn't allow your body to recover as quickly.

Treating High Blood Sugar

aosbor19 — 2025-07-20 17:47:33 UTC

Exercising more and eating healthier can help lead to better control of your body's blood sugar levels which can, overall, help with your Type 2.

Diagnosing Type 2

aosbor19 — 2025-07-20 17:49:21 UTC

One method of diagnosing Type 2 Diabetes is using a Fasting Plasma Glucose test. This has you fast overnight and then they test your blood sugar levels to see if there are abnormalities.

Oral Test for Screening Type 2

aosbor19 — 2025-07-20 17:51:43 UTC

Another way to diagnose Type 2 is through an oral glucose tolerance test which consists of drinking a sugary drink and monitoring your blood glucose levels over the course of 2 hours. It is mainly used with pregnant women and people with cystic fibrosis.

Metformin Treatment

aosbor19 — 2025-07-25 20:12:29 UTC

Metformin is a medication that helps improve insulin sensitivity and also reduces the production of glucose by the liver. Its cost can range from $10-30 for generic Metformin, according to GoodRx.com. Most private insurance plans cover Metformin. Without this medication, there are other options but doing nothing, in general, will only allow things to get worse.

Depression

aosbor19 — 2025-07-25 20:16:27 UTC

Depression is one psychosocial issue you may deal with when having Type 2. One treatment for this would be seeing a therapist on a regular basis. They will help you with coping, stress related to your disease, as well as how to move forward in a more positive manner. Therapists and Psychiatrists can help in this situation.

Physical Therapy

aosbor19 — 2025-07-25 20:20:23 UTC

Physical therapy can help with Type 2 in many ways. You can suffer from joint problems, weight issues, as well as problems associated with walking. This can be short or long term depending on the severity of your Type 2 and if you can do the exercises on your own or need assistance. Stretching as well as weight training and balance training can all be provided by physical therapists or personal trainers.

Speech Therapy

aosbor19 — 2025-07-25 20:24:28 UTC

Speech therapy can help with the struggles that may come with Type 2. You can have dysphagia (trouble swallowing), as well as nerve damage. Exercises like tongue exercises or swallowing exercises can help prevent or halt these symptoms. Speech therapists specialize in helping with these issues and performing these exercises.

Short acting insulin treatment Novolin R

eperezv1_1 — 2025-07-25 21:23:53 UTC

Novolin R is a short acting insulin treatment. These types of insulins are ideal for use before meals to help bring blood sugar back down to a safe level. This treatment is usually covered by insurance and medicare plans. After insurance a person's copay will usually sit around $50. This is one of many short acting insulins as a readily available and easy to use injection and available over the counter. Main concerns include missing a meal after using Novolin which could cause hypoglycemia.

Long acting insulin treatment Glargine

eperezv1_1 — 2025-07-25 21:35:56 UTC

Glargine is a long acting insulin treatment. It is administered by a single injection once per day to maintain optimal glycemic levels, and this can be supported by short acting insulin for better results. This type of medication varies depending on insurance, ranging anywhere from $30 to $150 after insurance is applied. Just like short acting insulin, the main concern for this treatment is hypoglycemia due to overdose of glargine insulin and poor combination with other medications, including beta blockers, clonidine, and guanethidine.

eperezv1_1 — 2025-07-25 23:54:15 UTC

Eating disorders can cause many different repercussions for people affected by them, including malnutrition, electrolyte imbalance, and cardiac issues. These issues can be accompanied by depression and anxiety to make issues more severe. Treatment for this combination of eating disorders and diabetes is difficult,as it requires balance between both conditions in order to achieve baseline glycemic levels. Behavioral therapy is recommended to find a healthy relationship with food.

Diabetes distress

tmthom12 — 2025-07-27 04:41:32 UTC

Diabetes distress is a state of emotional strain and worry specifically related to living with and managing diabetes. It's a common experience for many people with diabetes, characterized by feelings of frustration, discouragement, and being overwhelmed by the constant demands of self-care. A therapist or psychologist can help treat these symptoms

tmthom12 — 2025-07-27 04:54:46 UTC

Congnitive therapy

tmthom12 — 2025-07-27 05:02:35 UTC

Cognitive rehabilitation for people with dementia and type 2 diabetes focuses on addressing cognitive impairments, particularly memory and attention, while also considering the impact of diabetes on cognitive function. Neuropsychologists They focus on the relationship between the brain and behavior and can offer assessments of brain function and psychological treatments.

Hearing Rehabilitation

tmthom12 — 2025-07-27 15:47:50 UTC

Type 2 diabetes can lead to hearing loss by damaging blood vessels and nerves in the inner ear, impacting how nerve signals travel from the ear to the brain. High blood glucose levels associated with diabetes can damage these delicate structures, resulting in a range of hearing difficulties. Audiologist and ENT doctors serve as providers to help with these issues.

Diet is Key

aosbor19 — 2025-08-03 15:02:21 UTC

A change in your diet or how you track your food can be helpful when dealing with Type 2. Portion control, counting carbs, and balancing when you eat and when you take your meds can all benefit you. For most people, this would probably be a 5 or 6 out of 10 on the difficulty scale but as they get more used to it, that curve should drop significantly. A nutritionist or dietician would be excellent in helping with these changes.

Exercise and Diabetes

eperezv1_1 — 2025-08-03 15:26:30 UTC

Lifestyles that include at least 150 minutes a week along with dietary goals have shown a reduction in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by a margin of 40 to 70%. Insulin action in muscles can be modified by physical activity due to muscle glycogen repletion. even low intensity exercise for an hour can be beneficial to all adults trying to enhance their insulin action.

Type 2 and Minorities

aosbor19 — 2025-08-03 15:56:19 UTC

Type 2 diabetes disproportionately affects minority populations. The reasons include personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that all contribute to a greater health risk. One challenge is we need more specific legislation or education on the subject that are tailored to these areas with differing reasons leading to the higher health risks.

Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle

aosbor19 — 2025-08-03 16:00:04 UTC

To help reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, you can focus on maintaining a healthy lifestyle through exercise. This could include walks each day or weight training or even a sport. Staying active can keep you healthier and stave off disease. It also keeps your brain healthy as well. One barrier to this is not everybody is capable of exercising or they don't know where to start. A personal trainer can help tailor a plan specifically to you so you can still remain healthy.

Type 2 and Devices to Help

aosbor19 — 2025-08-03 16:05:03 UTC

Two technologies that can help you treat/live with your type two are Continuous Glucose Monitors and Insulin Pumps. CGMs will constantly monitor your blood sugar levels to keep you updated if they need to be raised or lowered. Insulin pumps will continually or periodically pump insulin into your system so you don't have to run the risk of forgetting all the time. One drawback of the insulin pump is it has to be attached to your body at all times and that can be cumbersome to some people.

Two Preventions for Type 2

aosbor19 — 2025-08-03 16:10:04 UTC

A couple public health interventions that help the public reduce their risk of type 2 are Awareness Campaigns from the ADA and AMA as well as an affordable evidence-based lifestyle change program offer by the National Diabetes Prevention Program. The program is directed at the individual and more than 750,000 adults have participated since March 2024. For the awareness campaign, this is aimed at the overall public to increase awareness. The biggest barrier, that the campaign aims to correct, is the awareness of how you can start anytime to work toward reducing your risks and living a healthier lifestyle.

Type 2 diabetes and low income communities

tmthom12 — 2025-08-03 16:41:33 UTC

Low income communities are affect by diabetes in two ways. By not having the funds or access to healthier food options and other things that are not accessible they develop Type 2 diabetes. Also, after being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes a challenge that for low income families to have access to the healthcare they need in order to treat it.

Proper Diet

tmthom12 — 2025-08-03 17:01:33 UTC

To help reduce the risk or reverse the affects of type 2 diabetes adapting and maintaining a healthy diet will be beneficial. Exchanging fruits and vegetables for the sugary foods are small steps to achieving the results. One obstacle is that often healthier food options are hard to come by in low income areas as the focus is on quick fixes and snacks instead of fresh fruits and vegetables.

Two public health prevetions for type 2 diabetes.

tmthom12 — 2025-08-03 17:21:28 UTC

The Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) services help people with diabetes effectively manage their condition and prevent complications. Another public health interventions the National Institute of Health provides nutritional counseling Nutrition counseling that works toward improving or maintaining glycemic targets, achieving weight management goals, and improving cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., blood pressure, lipids, etc.) within individualized treatment goals is recommended for all adults with diabetes and prediabetes.

Blood Glucose Meters and Smart Insulin Pens

eperezv1_1 — 2025-08-03 18:03:43 UTC

Blood glucose meters are small portable devices that come with test strips that you apply small drops of blood to, and the device will display blood sugar in seconds. A second device that is an advancement in diabetic tools and equipment is the Smart Insulin Pen that will calculate your dose of insulin based on your blood glucose level. These technologies create convenience for people with diabetes and help them manage their blood sugar accurately and can include alerts and updates for the user.