Bio Mod 1 Review by

Bio Mod 1 Review by https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2 Final exam review en-us 2023-02-14 22:46:43 UTC 2023-03-08 14:19:41 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f4a1.png Life- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482675679 Characteristics of life-
1. All living things are composed of the same chemical elements as non-living things (Atoms).
2. They obey the same physical and chemical laws that govern everything in the universe.

-Living things must reproduce to maintain a population.
Reproduce-> pass on genes.
Genes are composed of DNA
-Living things need to adapt.
Adaption- modification makes organisms better able to function.
-Diversity of life exists because, over long periods of time, organisms respond to changing environments by developing.
Evolution- change in the population of organisms over time to become more suited to the environment.]]> 2023-02-14 22:56:02 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482675679 rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482676336 Living: Biotic
Non-living: Abiotic
* A virus is abiotic as it cannot live without a host.]]> 2023-02-14 22:57:10 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482676336 Diversity of life: rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482677324 -Organization
-Use of energy
-Internal consistency
-Reproduction and development (extinction)
-Evolution]]> 2023-02-14 22:59:03 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482677324 rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482681972 Levels of organization:
-Atom
-Molecule
-Organelle
-Cell (where life begins)
-Tissue
-Organ
-Organism
-Population
-Community
-Ecosystem (community+abiotic)
-Biosphere
*Species is NOT a level of organization.]]> 2023-02-14 23:07:08 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482681972 Life- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482684040 Life requires materials and energy.
-Energy is required to maintain organization.]]> 2023-02-14 23:10:48 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482684040 rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482720267 Metabolism- Chemical reactions that occur in a cell.
*Makes energy and materials cells and organisms need to grow and reproduce.
*Helps get rid of toxic substances.]]> 2023-02-14 23:58:57 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482720267 rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482724667 Photosynthesis- Converts solar energy into the chemical energy of carbohydrates.

-Plants and algae capture to perform photosynthesis.]]> 2023-02-15 00:00:56 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482724667 rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482727279 Ecosystems- Characterized by chemical cycling.

-Chemicals are NOT used up when organisms die.

Chemicals->Producers->Consumers->Decomposers.

*Requires constant input of solar energy]]> 2023-02-15 00:03:39 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482727279 Living Things- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482756563 *Living things maintain homeostasis.
Homeostasis- Maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries.

Living organisms have to maintain a state of biological balance.

-Feedback systems (neg&pos) monitor internal conditions and make adjustments.

*Living things respond to stimuli.
(Ability to respond produces movement)]]> 2023-02-15 00:44:56 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482756563 rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482767543 Evolution of life:
-Explains the diversity and unity of life.
-All living things descend from common ancestors (with modification).

*Evolutionary tree of life:
-Bacteria
-Archaea
-Eukarya---- Protists
Plants
Animals
Fungi

Evolutionary mechanisms proposed by Charles Darwin.
-Favorable traits
*Mutations fuel natural selection.
Ex: Deer likes to eat leaves without spikes. Leaves with spikes will continue to reproduce and leaves without spikes will continue to decrease.]]> 2023-02-15 00:56:42 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2482767543 Tree of life: Domain order rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485083045 Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species]]> 2023-02-16 14:50:17 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485083045 Domains- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485101936 Archaea:
-Old
-Basic
-Unicellular and live in extreme environments.
-Can absorb or chemosynthesis food.
-Unique chemical characteristics.
*Lack membrane-bound organelle including membrane.
Bacteria:
-Largest domain
-Small
-Single-celled
-Live almost everywhere
-Adapts to all environments
-Has the ability to absorb, photosynthesis, or chemosynthesis food
-Unique chemical characteristics
*Unicellular prokaryotes that lack membrane-bound organelle including nucleus.
Eukarya:
-Has membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
-Advanced
-Unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes.]]> 2023-02-16 15:02:34 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485101936 Eukaya kingdoms- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485111262 1. Protists
2. Kingdom plantae
3. Kingdom fungi
4. Kingdom animalia]]> 2023-02-16 15:08:31 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485111262 Binomial nomenclature- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485128943 -Two-part name
First word: Capitalize.
Second word: Lower case
*Both words are italicized.
(If handwritten: underline)]]> 2023-02-16 15:19:49 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485128943 Process of science- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485135615 Scientific Method:
Unbiased to go through the process of understanding the world.
1. Observation
2. Hypothesis- stating a possible answer (educated guess)
*Variable- factor must be subject to a controlled experiment.
3. Experiment- Controlled.
*Determine the validity of the hypothesis.
*Involves analysis of 2 groups:
1. Control
2. Experimental
*Independent variable: Does not depend on another variable. (the cause)
*Dependent variable: Value depends on changes in the independent variable. (the effect)

Data:
- Table and graphs (any display)
- Analyze statistics
- Measure of variation
- Statistical significance

Conclusion:
- The hypothesis is supported (or not) and can be reported. Other researchers can duplicate the experiment and confirm the findings.]]> 2023-02-16 15:24:15 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485135615 Qualitative vs. Quantitative rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485139694 Qualitative: Subject to personal opinions and cannot be verified.
Examples- "That tree is large", "That tree is ugly"
Quantitative: Testable statement.
Example- "That tree is 10 feet tall", "That boulder is 102 pounds"]]> 2023-02-16 15:27:08 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485139694 Chapter color code: rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485243798 Chap 1: Green
Chap 2: Blue
Chap 3: Orange
Chap 4: Purple
Chap 5: Red]]> 2023-02-16 16:33:30 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485243798 Matter and elements- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485254841 Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space.
*Solid, gas and liquid

Elements: substances that cannot be broken down.
*CHNOPS: the 4 most common elements in living organisms-
-Carbon
-Hydrogen
-Oxygen
-Nitrogen
-Phosphorus
-Sulfur
(Makes up 95% of the body weight of organisms)
*Elements 1-92 (except for 43 and 61) naturally occur on Earth]]> 2023-02-16 16:41:14 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485254841 Atoms- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485279194 Atoms: the smallest part of an element that displays the property of the element.
-Composed of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
-Has a central nucleus.
Protons: + charged
Neutrons: no charge
Electrons: - charged

*All atoms are neutral on the periodic table.

Every atom has its own atomic number:
-Number of protons in its nucleus.
Every atom has its own mass number:
-The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.]]> 2023-02-16 16:58:14 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485279194 Atomic number- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485715520 -Accounts for the unique properties of atoms.
-Number of electrons is the same as the number of protons in the atom.
-Atomic number tells you not only the number of protons but also the number of electrons.]]> 2023-02-17 00:29:11 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485715520 Mass number- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485725926 -The sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
-Protons and neutrons are assigned one atomic mass unit.

*To find the number of neutrons: the difference between the mass number and the atomic number.
Example:
Sulfur-
Mass number: 32
Atomic number: 16
Number of neutrons: 16]]> 2023-02-17 00:43:09 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485725926 Isotopes- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485735775 -Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons.
Example: the element Carbon has 3 naturally occurring isotopes. (pictured)]]> 2023-02-17 00:55:43 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485735775 Molecule- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485737620 -Formed when 2 or more of the same type of atoms bond.
-Is the smallest component of a compound that retains the chemical properties of the compound.]]> 2023-02-17 00:58:01 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485737620 Compound- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485738230 -A molecule containing atoms of at least two different elements.]]> 2023-02-17 00:58:50 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485738230 Ionic bonding- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485747633 -Held together by an attraction between negatively and positively charged ions.
-Requires an electron to be donated.

]]> 2023-02-17 01:08:44 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485747633 Covalent bonding- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485750544 -Two atoms share electrons allowing each atom to have a completed outer shell.
Example:
H2: H-H
"Handshake- it requires two hands."]]> 2023-02-17 01:12:33 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485750544 Nonpolar vs. polar covalent bonds rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485752259 -Nonpolar covalent bond: the sharing between two atoms is equal.
-Polar covalent bond: electrons are not shared equally.]]> 2023-02-17 01:14:17 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485752259 Hydrogen bond- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485755258 -The attraction of a slightly positive hydrogen to a slightly negative atom in the vicinity.]]> 2023-02-17 01:17:33 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485755258 Water- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485758360 -Solvent
-Molecules attracted to water: Hydrophilic
-Molecules that repel water: Hydrophobic
-Cohesion: allows water molecules to cling together.
-Adhesion: allows water to cling to surfaces.]]> 2023-02-17 01:21:04 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485758360 Organic molecules- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485761187 -Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Proteins
-Nucleic acids
(Collectively called biomolecules)
*Contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms and exists in living organisms.]]> 2023-02-17 01:23:59 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485761187 The carbon atom- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485766735 -Can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other elements.
-Generally, forms covalent bonds with other atoms of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
Example: Octane (pictured)]]> 2023-02-17 01:30:11 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485766735 Isomers- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485768249 -Organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but different arrangements of atoms.]]> 2023-02-17 01:32:08 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485768249 Polymers and monomers- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485770680 -Polymers: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
-Monomers: polymers linking together a large number of the same type of subunit

Lipids do not form polymers, because they contain two different types of subunits (glycerol and fatty acids).]]> 2023-02-17 01:34:34 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2485770680 Theory & Law- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2491990853 Principle:

A theory that is generally accepted by an overwhelming number of scientists; is also called a law.
Theory:

An explanation of a specific aspect of the natural world that has been widely supported by scientific studies and experimentation.

]]> 2023-02-23 03:01:48 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2491990853 Macromolecules- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2492005289 Many biomolecules are macromolecules (they contain smaller subunits joined together) such as Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

]]> 2023-02-23 03:10:01 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2492005289 Chemical reagents- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2492016495 The iodine test can help to distinguish starch from monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other polysaccharides.
Benedict's can test for the presence of simple carbohydrates.
A biuret reagent is used for checking the presence of peptide bonds. ]]> 2023-02-23 03:24:54 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2492016495 Carbohydrates- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507736231 Class of organic compounds that typically contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio; includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides- Consists of only a single sugar molecule and are commonly known as simple sugars.
Disaccharides- Contains 2 monosaccharides that have joined after a dehydration reaction.
Polysaccharides- (Energy-storage molecules) are long polymers of monosaccharides.]]> 2023-03-08 00:38:05 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507736231 Glucose- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507739775 Six-carbon monosaccharide; used as an energy source during cellular respiration and as a monomer of the structural polysaccharides.]]> 2023-03-08 00:40:25 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507739775 Lipids- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507742592 Class of organic compounds that tend to be soluble in nonpolar solvents; includes fats and oils.]]> 2023-03-08 00:42:10 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507742592 Phospholipids- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507744699 Molecule that forms the bilayer of the cell’s membranes; has a polar, hydrophilic head bonded to two nonpolar, hydrophobic tails.]]> 2023-03-08 00:43:44 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507744699 Triglycerides- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507745880 Neutral fat composed of glycerol and three fatty acids; typically involved in energy storage.]]> 2023-03-08 00:44:33 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507745880 Glyserol- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507746905 Three-carbon carbohydrate with three hydroxyl groups attached; a component of fats and oils.]]> 2023-03-08 00:45:20 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507746905 Steroid- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507748152 Type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings (e.g., cholesterol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone).]]> 2023-03-08 00:46:04 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507748152 Protein- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507752946 Polymer of amino acids; often consisting of one or more polypeptides and having a complex three-dimensional shape.
Some functions of protein in animals:
-Metabolism
-Support
-Transport
-Defense
-Regulation
-Motion]]> 2023-03-08 00:49:23 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507752946 Shapes of Protein- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507762089 Proteins may have up to 4 levels of structural organization:
-Primary
-Secondary
-Tertiary
-Quaternary]]> 2023-03-08 00:55:42 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507762089 DNA- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507768987 Contains the sugar deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogen-containing bases. it is the genetic material that stores information for its own replication and specifies the order in which amino acids are sequenced in proteins.]]> 2023-03-08 01:00:22 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507768987 RNA- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507774044 Linear polymers of nucleotides.
Single-stranded contains the sugar ribose and phosphate.
Has the same bases as DNA except that uracil takes the place of thymine.]]> 2023-03-08 01:04:13 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507774044 ATP- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507776468 Stores energy to do cellular work.]]> 2023-03-08 01:05:55 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507776468 Cell theory- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507782923 One of the major theories of biology, which states that all organisms are made up of cells, cells are capable of self-reproduction, and come only from preexisting cells.]]> 2023-03-08 01:10:36 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507782923 Cell size- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507785564 2023-03-08 01:12:31 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507785564 Prokaryotic cells- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507786472 -Lacks membrane-bound organelles including the nucleus
-Includes bacteria and archaeans
-Smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
-DNA stored in cytoplasm
-Unicellular ]]> 2023-03-08 01:13:14 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507786472 Eukaryotic cells- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507786982 -Much larger than prokaryotic cells
-Contain organelles that increase cell efficiency
-Contain a variety of transport vesicles that move around the cell using the proteins of the cytoskeleton]]> 2023-03-08 01:13:35 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507786982 Structure of prokaryotes- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507787784 Can be bacillus(rod-shaped), coccus (circular), spirillum(spirals), or spirochete (rigid spiral) depending on their shape.]]> 2023-03-08 01:14:08 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507787784 Cell envelope- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507790260 Includes a plasma membrane, cell wall, and an outer glycocalyx (capsule).
Plasma membrane: Membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from the cell.

]]> 2023-03-08 01:15:36 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507790260 Cytoplasm- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507791516 Contains ribosomes, plasmids, and a region called the nucleoid.
Nucleoid: Where DNA may be found.]]> 2023-03-08 01:16:32 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507791516 External structures- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507792286 Includes the flagella, fimbriae, and conjugation pili.]]> 2023-03-08 01:17:04 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507792286 Nucleus- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507794107 -Eukaryotic cells
-Surrounded by a nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores
Nuclear pores: Regulate transport between the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm.
-Contains chromatin that organize into chromosomes
Genes on the chromosomes contain specific instructions for traits.

]]> 2023-03-08 01:18:29 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507794107 Ribosomes- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507794629 Organelles that function in protein synthesis.
*In order to make a protein, mRNA is copied exactly from the DNA, processed, and exits the nucleus through a nuclear pore.]]> 2023-03-08 01:18:47 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507794629 The endomembrane system- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507795549 Consists of:
-Endoplasmic reticulum: Makes lipids that are carried by vesicles to different locations
-Golgi apparatus: Modifieds, sorts, and repackages proteins, and processes lipids
-Lysosomes: Produced by the golgi apparatus and contain digestive enzymes that are involved in breaking down macromolecules
-Transport vesicles: Carries lipids

]]> 2023-03-08 01:19:24 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507795549 Vacuoles- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507796751 The large central vacuole in plant cells functions in storage and in the breakdown of molecules and cell parts.]]> 2023-03-08 01:20:11 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507796751 Energy-related organelles- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507797530 Chloroplast: Captures energy of the sun and conducts photosynthesis
Stroma: Region within a chloroplast that surrounds the grana; contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis.
Thylakoids: Flattened sac within a granum of a chloroplast; membrane contains chlorophyll; the location where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur.
Grana: Stack of chlorophyll-containing thylakoids in a chloroplast.]]> 2023-03-08 01:20:37 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507797530 The cytoskeleton- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507798341 Provides cell shape, movement, and internal support.
Actin filament: Component of the cytoskeleton; plays a role in the movement of the cell and its organelles; a protein filament in a sarcomere of a muscle, its movement shortens the sarcomere, yielding muscle contraction.
Intermediate filaments: Ropelike assemblies of fibrous polypeptides in the cytoskeleton that provide support and strength to cells; so-called because they are intermediate in size between actin filaments and microtubules.
Microtubules: Small, cylindrical organelle composed of tubulin protein around an empty central core; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella.
Centrioles: Cell structure, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division.]]> 2023-03-08 01:21:09 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507798341 Cilia and flagella- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507799217 Cilia: Short, hairlike projections from the plasma membrane, occurring usually in large numbers.
Flagella: Long, slender extension used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans, and sperm.]]> 2023-03-08 01:21:45 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2507799217 Plasma membrane- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2508618659 Fluid-mosaic model: Describes the interactions of components of the plasma membrane.
Lipid bilayer: Phospholipids are arranged with the hydrophilic (love water) *polar* heads adjacent to water and their hydrophobic (hates water) *nonpolar* tails buried in the interior.
Glycolipids: Lipid in plasma membranes that contains an attached carbohydrate chain; assembled in the Golgi apparatus.
Glycoproteins: Protein in plasma membranes that has an attached carbohydrate chain; assembled in the Golgi apparatus.]]> 2023-03-08 13:48:52 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2508618659 Functions of the plasma membrane- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2508624793 Channel proteins: Forms a channel through the membrane to move molecules.
Carrier proteins: Interact with a target molecule, causing a change in shape, which allows movement of the molecule through the membrane.
Cell recognition proteins: Glycoproteins are involved in cellular identification.
Receptor proteins: Detect specific molecules in the environment and invoke a cellular response.
Enzymatic proteins: Carry out metabolic reactions within the plasma membrane.
Junction proteins: Forms connections between cells.]]> 2023-03-08 13:53:02 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2508624793 Permability- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2508634720 The plasma membrane of a cell is selectively permeable and isolates the cell from the external environment. In doing so, the membrane establishes a concentration gradient for each type of molecule.
Movement:
-Active
-Passive: Diffusion (higher to lower concentration)
In a solution, the solute diffuses within the solvent until it is evenly distributed.
*No metabolic energy is required for diffusion to occur*

Diffusion across water is called osmosis.

-Bulk transport

]]> 2023-03-08 13:59:54 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2508634720 Tonicity- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2508645236 The measure of the relative solute concentration.
Isotonic solution: neither gain or lose water.
Hypotonic solution: Gain water.
*Hemolysis- red blood cells swell
*Turgor pressure- plant cells swell
Hypertonic solution: Lose water.
*Crenation- red blood cells shrivel
*Plasmolysis- plant cells shrivel]]> 2023-03-08 14:06:46 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2508645236 Active transport across a membrane- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2508658328 A carrier protein acts as a pump that causes a substance to move against its concentration gradient.
Ex:
Sodium-potassium pump: Carries Na+ to the outside of the cell and K+ to the inside of the cell.
*Energy in the form of ATP molecules is required for active transport to occur.

]]> 2023-03-08 14:14:28 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2508658328 Bulk transport- rollinse2756 https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2508667171 Larger substances can enter and exit a cell by exocytosis and endocytosis.
Exocytosis: substances exiting a cell
*Process in which an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane so that the vesicle’s contents are released outside the cell.
Endocytosis: substances entering a cell
*Process by which substances are moved into the cell from the environment; includes phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Three methods of endocytosis:
1. Phagocytosis: The substance being transported into the cell is large
2. Pinocytosis: When a macromolecule, such as a peptide, is transported into the cell
3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis: A form of pinocytosis. Molecules first bind to specific receptor proteins, which migrate to or are already in a coated pit. the coated vesicle that forms contain the molecules and their receptors.]]> 2023-03-08 14:19:41 UTC https://padlet.com/rollinse2756/y98oxvzmfxyv9lx2/wish/2508667171