Bandwidth- ususally measured in seconds is the maximum rate that the information can be transfered . 

If packet loss occurs, computers may try to recover that information. 

 

Network Congestion 

Network congestion refers to the saturation of a path used by packets to flow between the source and the destination.

 Louis

Retransmission— It means resending of packets which have been either damaged or lost. Retransmission is basic mechanisms which used by protocols operating on a packet switched computer network to provide consistent communication 

ISP limitations: is companies that are limited on how much Internet they can give you and also how much you can buy. 

 

Why current Wireless LANs will remain a complimentary network solution; its all about performance……and why that may be about to change.

Current widely-deployed Wireless LAN technologies – primarily 802.11B & G – provide great performance in the home environment, with few users, low traffic levels and the usually more limiting factor of the performance of a broadband Internet link itself in play.

These technologies have now also been used in the Corporate environment for some time and life has not proved so simple there, where demands are far more onerous. I believe the underlying limits of current generation WLAN technologies, when set against the widespread deployment of Enterprise wired networks with much higher and, as importantly, more consistent performance, will mean they are used to enhance them, not replace them.

The advent of the, as-yet-unratified, 802.11n enhanced WLAN standard may yet knock holes in this viewpoint; after all it promises a combination of much-improved throughput and range. If it is to do so, however, it must crack the problems inherent in scaling up WLAN for the enterprise and these have proved difficulty for 802.11A/B/G.

It’s worthwhile remembering that a large number of factors affect Wireless LAN performance and many will apply equally to 802.11n as they do to A, B & G. Some of them are blindingly obvious, but as many are relatively obscure.

Wireless Network Managers should be aware of them all…

• Distance from the Access Point.
The further away you get from an AP, the more the signal strength drops, (in a roughly inverse cube relationship with the distance).
• Physical obstacles
Unfortunately 2.4 GHz is not great for penetrating solids. This has both bad and good effects. In a building sub-divided into rooms you can cover only a fairly small number of rooms with a single AP – meaning you need more APs to cover, for instance, an entire school. On the plus side, the walls help form boundaries to allow APs on the same channel to co-exist in relative proximity to each other without interference. 
• Interference from other Wireless LANs.
This is becomingly increasingly common in built-up city areas. In major cities it’s not uncommon to be able to see in excess of twenty Wireless LANs from a single spot. It pays in designing and running your network to understand other businesses around you and work with them to avoid interference, to mutual benefit.
• Non-WLAN interference / noise.
Interference at 2.4 GHz is common, either from transient background sources or by other technologies which share unlicensed band – Bluetooth, some cordless phones etc. Even to such things as faulty microwave ovens.
• Shared Medium.
Wireless LAN is, for a single channel (configured on each AP) a shared medium – only one device can “talk” at a time; either the AP to a client or one of the clients to the AP. Wired Ethernet connections are dedicated – all clients on an Ethernet switch can talk simultaneously. Wired connections are also “full duplex” – can both send and receive simultaneously.

• Half Duplex

Really this is just a manifestation of the Shared Medium described previously; a LAN device can’t send and receive traffic on the same channel at the same time.

• Coverage is always dictated by environment

In particular the materials and thickness of walls – especially if there is metal involved. Wire mesh is, for instance, a significant barrier to WLAN. For this reason a full Site Survey is still the most accurate way of assessing coverage needs. This involves actually trying it and seeing real results.

• Network Load

Again this is a manifestation of something mentioned previously; the shared medium. As you have more clients and clients themselves transmit and receive more traffic on an AP, the performance available to each of those clients is reduced.

• Incorrectly oriented antennas

All commonly deployed antennas have a degree of directionality; in the case of an omni, for instance, the doughnut radiates at right angles to the stick of the antenna. It’s critical to know this orientation, particularly when using APs with built-in antennas where it may not be obvious. It’s a particular waste to physically mount an AP so virtually all of it’s power is lost into the floor or ceiling!

• Limited spectrum

Current areas of the radio spectrum available for WLAN have relatively limited “space”. In particular, in the popular 2.4 GHz band used by 802.11B and G the 13 channels (11 in the US) a maximum of three Access Points can be deployed in the same coverage area.

It’s often not understood that, on a given channel, an 11b/g device spreads it’s transmission, to a significant degree, on the two channels directly above and the two channels directly below the central frequency.

Therefore there should always be 5 channels between APs sharing airspace. In a single space, therefore, you’d usually find three APs configured for channels 1, 6 and 11. Note; channels 12 & 13 can’t be used in the US; for this reason some WLAN clients don’t support them at all.

The situation will be somewhat different with the new technology, 802.11n. It seems likely that, although an individual AP spreads it’s signal over an even wider part of the spectrum, other technological improvements will result in both increased throughput and range, even compared to an 802.11g solution with three APs in a given area. This is still largely conjecture; 802.11n has not been widely deployed in Enterprise environments and is still only in Draft standard format.

• Difficulties in limiting signal propagation.

Particularly in open plan office areas it’s difficult to control exactly how far a WLAN signal travels. This can limit the benefit from deploying multiple access into such an area. This can be managed to some degree with semi-directional antennas and manipulating radio power settings, but these have knock-on effects themselves.

• Multi-path fade

In complex environments multi-path fade (basically interference caused by signal reflections) causes significant loss in signal quality (note this is not a loss of strength). This can be overcome by using diversity antennas – two antennas placed the right distance apart on an AP. This distance largely ensures that, if signal quality is poor when communicating with a client via one of the antennas, the path via the alternate antenna will be free from multi-path fade.

NB. Customers sometimes believe that two antenna sockets on an AP allows it to cover of two separate areas. This is not the case; for diversity to work effectively the antennas must cover the same area.

• Inflexible use of Antennas

The standard antennas employed by most clients and Access Points, as they aim to provide a uniform transmission (a “doughnut” shape) in the horizontal plane and a relatively broad signal also in the vertical dimension, usually have a relatively low gain (transmission strength) – 2 bBi is common. High gain antennas are available which “focus” an APs radio power into a particular coverage pattern. This increases coverage in those areas at the expense of others. Such antennas can also enhance security, for instance by reducing or eliminating coverage outside a building.

• Regulatory power limitations; 50 mW radio power.
B/G devices in the UK can transmit legally with a maximum radio setting of 50 mW. In the US this is 100 mW. With the more advanced modulation types used in 802.11G this drops still further (max. 30 mW). The effective range for WLAN here can therefore sometimes be significantly less than that quoted in documentation which has a US origin.
• Regulatory power limitations; 20 dB EIRP.
Users should bear in mind that there is a further regulatory limit (known as EIRP) which relates to the relative signal strength produced by the radio / antenna combination used. This means that, for increased-gain directional antennas, the resulting signal strength must be reduced, either by turning down the radio power or by introducing other losses (such as lengthening the cable linking AP with antenna) or a bit of both. 
• Wireless LAN overheads.
The percentage of the headline connection rate available for real data (as opposed to protocol overheads) is significantly lower on a WLAN connection than on a wired Ethernet connection. WLAN protocol overhead means a real throughput somewhere around 50% of the connection rate. I.e. a WLAN client connected at 54 Mbps will experience c. 27 Mbps – even if they’re the only client associated to their AP. 
• Detrimental Effect of combined B and G networks.
802.11G is backwardly compatible with B – i.e. an AP supporting G will allow both B and G clients to connect. Unfortunately operating both B & G simultaneously slows the WLAN down dramatically, due to compromises in the G-standard required for B compatibility. Fortunately it is possible on most APs to disable the B data rates, where B-only clients are not required, but this is only an option if you’re guaranteed to have no B-only clients.
• Antenna polarisation.
WLAN is transmitted with the signal oriented in a specific plane (check your AP manufacturer documentation) – your clients should be as closely aligned with this as possible to maintain maximum performance. This factor particularly affects point-to-point Wireless Bridge links.
• The effect of Performance on Performance (!)
The WLAN standards allow clients to drop to lower connection rates as signal quality drops, for instance as they move further from the AP or if there is increased interference. Unfortunately, as the transmission rate drops or signal quality reduces and results in re-transmissions, the length of time taken to transfer data increases, thereby tying up the airwaves for longer and affecting all the other clients associated to the same AP. 

 
Network performance refers to measuring of service quality of a network as seen by the custumer.














































:D 

External links 

 are hyperlinks that point at (target) any domain other than the domain the link exists on (source). 

Wireless 

 

Bandwidth 

The available channel bandwidth and achievable signal-to-noise ratio determine the maximum possible throughput. It is not generally possible to send more data than dictated by the Shannon-Hartley Theorem. 

Throughput 

Throughput is the number of messages successfully delivered per unit time. Throughput is controlled by available bandwidth, as well as the available signal-to-noise ratio and hardware limitations. Throughput for the purpose of this article will be understood to be measured from the arrival of the first bit of data at the receiver, to decouple the concept of throughput from the concept of latency. For discussions of this type the terms 'throughput' and 'bandwidth' are often used interchangeably. 

The Time Window is the period over which the throughput is measured. Choice of an appropriate time window will often dominate calculations of throughput, and whether latency is taken into account or not will determine whether the latency affects the throughput or not. 

Latency 

The speed of light imposes a minimum propagation time on all electromagnetic signals. It is not possible to reduce the latency belo{\displaystyle t=s/c_{m}} 

where s is the distance and c_m is the speed of light in the medium. This approximately means 1 extra millisecond roundtrip time (RTT) for 100 km/62miles of distance between hosts. 

Other delays also occur in intermediate nodes. In packet switched networks delays can occur due to queueing. 

Jitter 

Jitter is the undesired deviation from true periodicity of an assumed periodic signal in electronics and telecommunications, often in relation to a reference clock source. Jitter may be observed in characteristics such as the frequency of successive pulses, the signal amplitude, or phase of periodic signals. Jitter is a significant, and usually undesired, factor in the design of almost all communications links (e.g., USB, PCI-e, SATA, OC-48). In clock recovery applications it is called timing jitter.^[1] 

Error rate 

in digital transmission, the number of bit errors is the number of received bits of a data stream over a communication channel that have been altered due to noise, interference, distortion or bit synchronization errors. 

The bit error rate or bit error ratio (BER) is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval. BER is a unitless performance measure, often expressed as a percentage. 

The bit error probability p_e is the expectation value of the BER. The BER can be considered as an approximate estimate of the bit error probability. This estimate is accurate for a long time interval and a high number of bit errors. 

Interplay of factors[edit] 

All of the factors above, coupled with user requirements and user perceptions, play a role in determining the perceived 'fastness' or utility, of a network connection. The relationship between throughput, latency, and user experience is most aptly understood in the context of a shared network medium, and as a scheduling problem.