https://padlet.com/beamt2/y8h30tcykd7e4bch en-us 2021-11-05 18:10:42 UTC 2021-11-05 19:51:58 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.com/beamt2/y8h30tcykd7e4bch/wish/1870709724 "Before Columbus set foot on this continent, before what is known as “First Contact,” North America had hundreds of different Indigenous cultures and almost two thousand different languages."]]> 2021-11-05 19:23:59 UTC https://padlet.com/beamt2/y8h30tcykd7e4bch/wish/1870709724 https://padlet.com/beamt2/y8h30tcykd7e4bch/wish/1870711874 In 1606, Franciscan monks establish a school in St. Augustine in what will become the state of Florida. Spanish is the language of instruction.

In 1692 the first German-language school was founded in Germantown, Philadelphia

The South Carolina Negro Act of 1740, among other things, made it illegal for the enslaved to learn to write in English (but did not mention reading). 

1790 Pennsylvania becomes the first state to require free public education for poor children (assuming rich families would pay for their own children’s schooling)







]]> 2021-11-05 19:25:46 UTC https://padlet.com/beamt2/y8h30tcykd7e4bch/wish/1870711874 https://padlet.com/beamt2/y8h30tcykd7e4bch/wish/1870724574 In 1839 Ohio enacts the first state law authorizing bilingual education, in English and German

In 1847, Louisiana adopts Ohio's bilingual education law, substituting French for German

In 1849 the first constitution of California provides for publication of laws in both English and Spanish

In 1896 The Supreme Court upholds racial segregation in the ‘separate but equal” case of Plessy v. Ferguson]]> 2021-11-05 19:35:27 UTC https://padlet.com/beamt2/y8h30tcykd7e4bch/wish/1870724574 https://padlet.com/beamt2/y8h30tcykd7e4bch/wish/1870728825
1855 California imposes English-only instruction statewide, although the mandate is poorly enforced

1864 Congress declares it is illegal to teach Native children in their indigenous languages in schools. 

1864 Indian Peace Commission proposes to use schools to “blot out…barbarous dialects” spoken by Native Americans

1893 .S. Marines overthrow the government of Queen Liliuokalani of Hawai’i; soon after, English is imposed as the island’s sole language of instruction

1919 Fifteen states enact English-only instruction laws, bringing the national total to 34; bilingual education is dismantled in much of U.S.

1934 Bureau of Indian Affairs ends English-only policy for students, but it persists unofficially for another three decades]]> 2021-11-05 19:38:43 UTC https://padlet.com/beamt2/y8h30tcykd7e4bch/wish/1870728825 https://padlet.com/beamt2/y8h30tcykd7e4bch/wish/1870733370 In 1968, Bilingual Education Act (Title VII of Elementary and Secondary Education Act) were replaced with English-only terminology. 

In 1969, Texas decriminalizes teaching in languages other than English.

1972 - Title IX prohibits discrimination based on sex is all aspects of education

1982 - Federal court order in U.S. v. Texas, requiring bilingual education statewide in grades K-12, is overturned on appeal

1984 - Bilingual Education Act is reauthorized; modest funding allowed for developmental bilingual and “special alternative” (all-English) programs]]> 2021-11-05 19:42:24 UTC https://padlet.com/beamt2/y8h30tcykd7e4bch/wish/1870733370